Zimmermanmose8469

e and institutional challenges. More recently, there has been interest in working with the informal sector. New technologies offer new opportunities for sustainable dairy development.Child undernutrition afflicts >150 million children worldwide, contributing to poor child growth, increased risk of infections, and loss of developmental potential. Animal-source foods (ASF) can ameliorate these problems by providing high-quality, high-density, and bioavailable protein and micronutrients. However, many children in developing countries lack ASF in their diet, although generally milk is the ASF most often consumed. Nevertheless, the relation of ASF-and that of specific ASF-to child growth in these contexts has been difficult to define, as has the association between diet and child and household factors in influencing growth outcomes. To better understand these relationships, we evaluated child growth by age groups (6-23 mo, 24-60 mo, and >60 mo) in relation to ASF consumption in rural Nepal. We used an observational study design that leveraged a data set generated through a 3-yr longitudinal controlled impact evaluation of a community-development intervention. Child anthropometry and 24-h diet rcumference z-score for children age 24 to 60 mo. For children >60 mo, egg consumption also related to higher weight z-scores. Household and child factors also influenced these outcomes. Of the ASF, milk had the strongest and most consistent relationship to child growth. Better measures of diet intake could reveal stronger associations between diet consumption patterns and child growth. Regardless, milk may be a key ASF to target for growth promotion among undernourished rural Nepali children.The ongoing increase in life expectancy is not always accompanied by an increase in healthy life span. There is increasing evidence that dietary exposure in early life can substantially affect chronic disease risk in later life. Milk and dairy foods are important suppliers of a range of key nutrients, with some being particularly important at certain life stages. It is now recognized that milk protein can stimulate insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), essential for longitudinal bone growth and bone mass acquisition in young children, thus reducing the risk of stunting. Low milk consumption during adolescence, particularly by girls, may contribute to suboptimal intake of calcium, magnesium, iodine, and other important nutrients. Given the generally low vitamin D status of European populations, this may have already affected bone development, and any resulting reduced bone strength may become a big issue when the populations are much older. Suboptimal iodine status of many young women has already been reportedhose from plants also include the evidence on relative functionality, which is not expressed in simple nutrient content (e.g., hypotensive and muscle synthesis stimulation effects). Only by considering such functionality will a true comparison be achieved.In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), dairy production is highly valued, and demand for milk is projected to continue to increase markedly over the next few decades. This presents a tremendous opportunity to improve the nutrition, health, incomes, and livelihoods of millions of people with the high-quality protein and bioavailable micronutrients in dairy products. However, low dairy consumption levels, due to low affordability, accessibility, and availability, still typify several LMICs. This is caused by inadequate feeding, management, and genetics; poor transport, cooling, and processing infrastructure; unconducive policy environments; and sociocultural and demographic factors. #link# Strategies to address some of these factors were presented at the MILK Symposium hosted by the Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Livestock Systems during the 2019 American Dairy Science Association Annual Meeting. The papers presented are full manuscripts in this Special Issue of the Journal of Dairy Science. They address the importance of dairy products for human health, strategies to address feed, management, health, and food safety challenges in dairy production systems, and sustainability of dairy production in LMICs. They collectively show how strategic interventions can lead to marked improvements in dairy production in developing countries. These will ultimately contribute to meeting the growing global demand for milk and to achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.Questions regarding the balance between the contribution to human nutrition and the environmental impact of livestock food products rarely evaluate specific species or how to accomplish the recommended depopulation. The objective of this study was to assess current contributions of the US dairy industry to the supply of nutrients and environmental impact, characterize potential impacts of alternative land use for land previously used for crops for dairy cattle, and evaluate the impacts of these approaches on US dairy herd depopulation. We modeled 3 scenarios to reflect different sets of assumptions for how and why to remove dairy cattle from the US food production system coupled with 4 land-use strategies for the potential newly available land previously cropped for dairy feed. Scenarios also differed in assumptions of how to repurpose land previously used to grow grain for dairy cows. The current system provides sufficient fluid milk to meet the annual energy, protein, and calcium requirements of 71.2, 169, educe GHGE without reducing the supply of the most limiting nutrients to the population would be difficult.The development of highly sensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunosensors by using functional nanoparticles as signal amplifiers is a solution towards sensitive determination of many low concentration disease biomarkers. Herein, a sensitive aptamer-based, sandwich-type surface plasmon enhanced electrochemiluminescence (SPEECL) immunosensor was demonstrated for the detection of cardiac troponin I (cTnI), by means of aptamer conjugated CdS QDs and AuNPs as ECL luminophores and plasmon sources, respectively, in which Tro4 aptamer was used as a capture probe for cTnI and Tro6 aptamer as a detecting probe. The signal of the developed SPEECL system showed ~ 5-fold increment as compared to that of without AuNPs. Using this ECL platform for the detection of cTnI, a linear range and the limit of detection (LOD) were found to be 1 fg/mL - 10 ng/mL and 0.75 fg/mL, respectively.Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TEVs) have emerged as promising sources of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, the lack of high-sensitivity analytic methods for ultratrace membrane proteins on TEVs hamper their clinical application of TEVs. Herein, by combining aptamers that specifically bind to protein targets on TEVs, PCR-based exponential amplification and CRISPR/Cas12a real-time DNA detection, we developed a novel technique, termed the aptamer-CRISPR/Cas12a assay, to detect CD109+ and EGFR+ TEVs from cell lines and complex biofluids. The platform enables highly sensitive detection of CD109+ and EGFR+ TEVs at as low as 100 particles/mL with a linear range spanning 6 orders of magnitude (102-108 particles/mL), which was found to be sufficient to effectively detect TEV proteins directly in low-volume (50 μl) samples. Furthermore, clinical serum sample analysis verified that the combination of serum CD109+ and EGFR+ TEV levels yielded high diagnostic accuracy, with an AUC of 0.934 (95% CI 0.868-1.000), a sensitivity of 84.1% and a specificity of 85.0%, in discriminating NPC from healthy controls. Moreover, the dramatic decrease in both biomarkers in responders after radiotherapy indicated their potential roles in radiotherapy surveillance. Given that the aptamer-CRISPR/Cas12a assay rapidly and conveniently detects ultralow concentrations of CD109+ and EGFR+ TEVs directly in serum, it could be useful in NPC diagnosis and prognosis.Mercury ion (Hg2+) is considered to be one of the most toxic heavy metal ions and can cause adverse effects on kidney function, the central nervous system, and the immune system. Therefore, it is important to develop a fast and simple method for sensitive and selective detection of Hg2+ in the environment. This research proposes a portable electrochemical sensor for rapid and selective detection of Hg2+. The sensor platform is designed based on thymine acetic acid anchored with cysteamine-conjugated core shell Fe3O4@Au nanoparticles (Fe3O4@Au/CA/T-COOH) immobilized on a sensing area of a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) with the aid of an external magnetic field embedded in a homemade electrode holder for ease of handling. In the presence of Hg2+, the immobilized thymine combines specifically with Hg2+ and forms a thymine-Hg2+-thymine mismatch (T-Hg2+-T). link2 The resulting amount of Hg2+ was determined by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). Under optimal conditions, the sensor exhibited two wide linearities in a range from 1 to 200 μg L-1 and 200-2200 μg L-1 with the reliability coefficient of determination of 0.997 and 0.999, respectively. The detection limit (LOD) and the quantification limit (LOQ) were also determined to be 0.5 μg L-1 and 1.0 μg L-1, respectively. The sensor was further applied for determination of Hg2+ in water samples, a certified reference material and fish samples. link3 The results were compared with flow injection atomic spectroscopy-inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (FIAS-ICP-OES) systems as a reference method. Results obtained with the proposed sensor were relatively satisfactory, and they showed no significant differences at a 95% confidence level by t-test from the standard method. Therefore, considering its fast and simple advantages, this novel strategy provides a potential platform for construction of a Hg2+ electrochemical sensor.Rapid and sensitive diagnosis of bacterial infections at early stage is of great significance for food safety monitoring as well as clinical treatment. Herein, we construct a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanoprobe based on M13 phages for the selective detection and inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). M13 phage with specific S. aureus-binding heptapeptide displayed on the N-terminal of pIII protein is selected from phage display peptide library. The S. aureus-specific SERS probe is thus constructed by in situ growth of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on M13 phage surface, followed by modification with 5,5-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) as SERS active molecule. Upon the addition of this SERS probe, M13 phage selectively binds with S. aureus to induce anchoring of AuNPs on S. aureus surface, and the SERS probe-labeled S. aureus cells are collected by centrifugation for SERS detection. For the quantification of S. aureus, a linear range of 10-106 cfu mL-1 is achieved in aqueous medium. It is further demonstrated by spiking recovery in soft drinks. Furthermore, this SERS probe exhibits bactericidal capabilities towards S. aureus, which shows promising potential to serve as a multifunctional platform for simultaneous detection and inactivation of S. aureus.Anthropogenic CO2 emissions are contributing to global warming and ocean acidification. Ezatiostat and accurate measurements of seawater carbonate chemistry are critical to understand current changes in the ocean and to predict future effects of such changes on marine organisms and ecosystems. Total alkalinity (AT) measurements can be used to directly determine the calcification rate, but they are time-consuming and require large sample volumes. Herein, we describe an automated and transportable flow-through system that can conduct continuous AT measurement using an ion sensitive field effect transistor (ISFET) - Ag/AgCl sensor and three different reference materials. The response time, stability, and uncertainty of our system were evaluated by comparing AT values of calibrated reference materials to those calculated by our system. Our system requires only small amounts of seawater ( less then 10 mL) and a short time per sample ( less then 5 min) to produce results with a relative uncertainty of less than 0.1% (approx.