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g., 'increased prices' or 'reduced affordability'. There is enormous untapped potential in most countries for the implementation of proven strategies to reduce alcohol-related harm. While alcohol policies have weakened in many countries during the COVID-19 pandemic, societies may now also be more accepting of public health-inspired policies with proven effectiveness and potential economic benefits.Caffeine, a natural stimulant, is known to be effective for weight loss. On this basis, we screened the arousal-inducing effect of five dietary supplements with a weight loss effect (Garcinia cambogia, Coleus forskohlii, Camellia sinensis L., Irvingia gabonensis, and Malus pumila M.), of which the G. cambogia peel extract (GC) showed a significant arousal-inducing effect in the pentobarbital-induced sleep test in mice. This characteristic of GC was further evaluated by analysis of electroencephalogram and electromyogram in C57L/6N mice, and it was compared to that of the positive control, caffeine. Administration of GC (1500 mg/kg) significantly increased wakefulness and decreased non-rapid eye movement sleep, similar to that of caffeine (25 mg/kg), with GC and caffeine showing a significant increase in wakefulness at 2 and 6 h, respectively. Compared to that of caffeine, the shorter duration of efficacy of GC could be advantageous because of the lower possibility of sleep disturbance. Furthermore, the arousal-inducing effects of GC (1500 mg/kg) and caffeine (25 mg/kg) persisted throughout the chronic (3 weeks) administration study. This study, for the first time, revealed the arousal-inducing effect of GC. Our findings suggest that GC might be a promising natural stimulant with no side effects. In addition, it is preferential to take GC as a dietary supplement for weight loss during the daytime to avoid sleep disturbances owing to its arousal-inducing effect.Adequate nutritional status may influence progression to frailty. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of frailty and examine the relationship between dietary protein intake and the transition between frailty states and mortality in advanced age. We used data from a longitudinal cohort study of Māori (80-90 years) and non-Māori (85 years). Dietary assessments (24-h multiple pass dietary recalls) were completed at the second year of follow-up (wave 2 and forms the baseline in this study). Frailty was defined using the Fried Frailty criteria. Multi-state modelling examined the association of protein intake and transitions between frailty states and death over four years. Over three quarters of participants were pre-frail or frail at baseline (62% and 16%, respectively). Those who were frail had a higher co-morbidity (p less then 0.05), where frailty state changed, 44% showed a worsening of frailty status (robust → pre-frail or pre-frail → frail). Those with higher protein intake (g/kg body weight/day) were less likely to transition from robust to pre-frail [Hazard Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) 0.28 (0.08-0.91)] but also from pre-frail to robust [0.24 (0.06-0.93)]. Increased protein intake was associated with lower risk of transitioning from pre-frailty to death [0.19 (0.04-0.80)], and this association was moderated by energy intake [0.22 (0.03-1.71)]. Higher protein intake in this sample of octogenarians was associated with both better and worse outcomes.Creatine has been considered an effective ergogenic aid for several decades; it can help athletes engaged in a variety of sports and obtain performance gains. Creatine supplementation increases muscle creatine stores; several factors have been identified that may modify the intramuscular increase and subsequent performance benefits, including baseline muscle Cr content, type II muscle fibre content and size, habitual dietary intake of Cr, aging, and exercise. Timing of creatine supplementation in relation to exercise has recently been proposed as an important consideration to optimise muscle loading and performance gains, although current consensus is lacking regarding the ideal ingestion time. Research has shifted towards comparing creatine supplementation strategies pre-, during-, or post-exercise. Emerging evidence suggests greater benefits when creatine is consumed after exercise compared to pre-exercise, although methodological limitations currently preclude solid conclusions. Furthermore, physiological and mechanistic data are lacking, in regard to claims that the timing of creatine supplementation around exercise moderates gains in muscle creatine and exercise performance. This review discusses novel scientific evidence on the timing of creatine intake, the possible mechanisms that may be involved, and whether the timing of creatine supplementation around exercise is truly a real concern.Malnutrition and muscle wasting are associated with impaired physical functioning and quality of life in oncology patients. Patients diagnosed with upper gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are considered at high risk of malnutrition and impaired function. Due to continuous improvement in upper GI cancer survival rates, there has been an increased focus on multimodal interventions aimed at minimizing the adverse effects of cancer treatments and enhancing survivors' quality of life. The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of combined nutritional and exercise interventions in improving muscle wasting, physical functioning, and quality of life in patients with upper GI cancer. A comprehensive search was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and CINHAL. Of the 4780 identified articles, 148 were selected for full-text review, of which 5 studies met the inclusion criteria. Whilst reviewed studies showed promising effects of multimodal interventions on physical functioning, no significant differences in postoperative complications and hospital stay were observed. Limited available evidence showed conflicting results regarding the effectiveness of these interventions on preserving muscle mass and improving health-related quality of life. Further studies examining the impact of nutrition and exercise interventions on upper GI patient outcomes are required and would benefit from reporting a core outcome set.Although the survival rate of preterm infants has improved over the years, growth failure and associated impaired neurodevelopmental outcome remains a significant morbidity. Optimal nutrition plays an important role in achieving adequate postnatal growth. Accurate growth monitoring of preterm infants is critical in guiding nutritional protocols. Currently, there is no consensus regarding which growth assessment tool is suitable for monitoring postnatal growth of preterm infants to foster optimal neurodevelopmental outcomes while avoiding future consequences of aggressive nutritional approaches including increased risk for cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome. A retrospective single center cohort study was conducted to compare the performance of two growth-assessment tools, Fenton and Intergrowth-21st (IG-21st) in the classification of size at birth, identification of impaired growth and predicting neurodevelopment. A total of 340 infants with mean gestational age of 30 weeks were included. Proportion of agreement between the two tools for identification of small for gestational age (SGA) was high 0.94 (0.87, 0.1) however, agreement for classification of postnatal growth failure at discharge was moderate 0.6 (0.52, 0.69). Growth failure at discharge was less prevalent using IG-21st. There was significant association between weight-based growth failure and poor neurodevelopmental outcomes at 12 and 24 months of age.Breakfast has been labeled "the most important meal of the day", especially for children and adolescents. Dietary protein intake may benefit and regulate appetite and energy balance. However, few meta-analyses have been conducted to examine the effect of protein-rich (PR) breakfast on both children and adolescents. This meta-analytic study was conducted to examine the effect of consuming a PR breakfast on short-term energy intake and appetite in children and adolescents. PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, China Biology Medicine disc (CBM), and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in January 1990-January 2021. The inclusion criteria applied were RCTs in children and adolescents (7-19 year) comparing PR breakfast consumption with normal protein (NP)/traditional breakfast consumption. Finally, ten studies were included in the analysis, eight studies examined the effect of consuming PR breakfast on SEI (n = 824), and nine studies examined the effect on appetite (fullness = 736, hunger = 710). Our meta-analysis using the random-effects model shows that participants assigned to consume PR breakfast had lower SEI (MD, -111.2 kcal; 95% CI -145.4, -76.9), higher fullness (MD, 7.4 mm; 95% CI 6.0, 8.8), and lower hunger (MD, -8.5 mm; 95% CI -9. 7, -7.3) than those assigned to consume NP/traditional breakfast. However, there was considerable inconsistency across the trial results. Our review suggests that the consumption of PR breakfast could be an excellent strategy for weight management by declining SEI and suppressing appetite, and provides new evidence of the relationship between energy balance and obesity. However, since most eligible studies were of low quality, the results ought to be interpreted cautiously.Nutrient consumption and body mass index (BMI) are closely related to the gut microbiota, and exercise effects on gut bacteria composition may be related to those variables. Thus, we aimed to investigate the effect of 10-week moderate aerobic exercise on the cardiorespiratory fitness and gut bacteria composition of non-obese men with the same nutritional profile. Twenty-four previously sedentary men (age 25.18 [SD 4.66] years, BMI 24.5 [SD 3.72] kg/m2) were randomly assigned into Control (CG; n = 12) or Exercise Groups (EG; n = 12). Body composition, cardiorespiratory parameters, blood markers, dietary habits and gut bacteria composition were evaluated. EG performed 150 min per week of supervised moderate (60-65% of VO2peak) aerobic exercise, while CG maintained their daily routine. The V4 16S rRNA gene was sequenced and treated using QIIME software. Only EG demonstrated marked improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2peak, p 0.05), although significant variations in an unclassified genus from Clostridiales order and in Streptococcus genus were observed (p less then 0.05). Moreover, α-diversity was correlated with VO2peak (Pearson's R 0.47; R2 0.23 95%CI 0.09 to 0.74, p = 0.02) and BMI (Pearson's R -0.50; R2 0.25 95%CI -0.75 to -0.12, p = 0.01). Roseburia, Sutterella and Odoribacter genera were associated with VO2peak, while Desulfovibrio and Faecalibacterium genera were associated with body composition (p less then 0.05). Our study indicates that aerobic exercise at moderate intensity improved VO2peak and affected gut bacteria composition of non-obese men who maintained a balanced consumption of nutrients.The consumption of dairy products, including milk, may be important for improving the overall quality of a diet. read more The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between milk intake and nutritional adequacy among Japanese female junior high school students. The participants of this study were Japanese female junior high school students aged between 12 and 15 years. Dietary habits over the past month were assessed by a brief self-administered diet history questionnaire. The adequacy of each nutrient intake was determined based on the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese 2020, with two goals the estimated average requirement for fourteen nutrients and tentative dietary goals for preventing lifestyle-related diseases for six nutrients. The participants were classified into five groups according to milk intake (Q1 (lowest) to Q5 (highest)) by quintile. The adequacy of vitamin B2, calcium, magnesium, and potassium were higher among students with a higher milk consumption than among those with a lower milk consumption.