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h insurance and/or having access to healthcare. Younger age groups and men are the most vulnerable. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.OBJECTIVE Here we looked for possible mechanisms regulating the progression of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). In this disease, autoaggressive T cells (T conventional cells, Tconvs) not properly controlled by T regulatory cells (Tregs) destroy pancreatic islets. Crenolanib price RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We compared the T-cell compartment of patients with newly diagnosed T1DM (NDT1DM) with long-duration T1DM (LDT1DM) ones. The third group consisted of patients with LDT1DM treated previously with polyclonal Tregs (LDT1DM with Tregs). We have also looked if the differences might be dependent on the antigen specificity of Tregs expanded for clinical use and autologous sentinel Tconvs. RESULTS Patients with LDT1DM were characterized by T-cell immunosenescence-like changes and expansion of similar vβ/T-cell receptor (TCR) clones in Tconvs and Tregs. The treatment with Tregs was associated with some inhibition of these effects. Patients with LDT1DM possessed an increased percentage of various proinsulin-specific T cells but not use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.Background Physical activity and sleep are behavioral risk factors for cancer that may be influenced by environmental exposures, including built and natural environments. However, many studies in this area are limited by residence-based exposure assessment and/or self-reported, time-aggregated measures of behavior. Methods The Nurses' Health Study 3 (NHS3) Mobile Health Substudy is a pilot study of 500 participants in the prospective NHS3 cohort who use a smartphone application and a Fitbit for seven-day periods, four times over a year, to measure minute-level location, physical activity, heart rate, and sleep. Results We have collected data on 435 participants, comprising over 6 million participant-minutes of heart rate, step, sleep, and location. Over 90% of participants had five days of ≥600 minutes of Fitbit wear-time in their first sampling week, and this percentage dropped to 70% for weeks 2-4. Over 819 sampling weeks, we observed an average of 7,581 minutes of heart rate and step data (IQR 6,651, 9,645) per participant-week, and >2 million minutes of sleep in over 5,700 sleep bouts. We have recorded location data for 5,237 unique participant-days, averaging 104 location observations per participant-day (IQR 103, 107). Conclusions This study describes a protocol to incorporate mobile health technology into a nationwide prospective cohort to measure high-resolution objective data on environment and behavior. Impact This project could provide translational insights into interventions for urban planning to optimize opportunities for physical activity and healthy sleep patterns to reduce cancer risk. Copyright ©2020, American Association for Cancer Research.BACKGROUND Limited treatment options are available for oral mucositis, a common, debilitating complication of cancer therapy. We examined the association between daily delivery time of radiotherapy and the severity of oral mucositis in head and neck cancer patients. METHODS We used electronic medical records of 190 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients who completed radiotherapy, with or without concurrent chemotherapy, at Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center between 2015 and 2017. Throughout a seven-week treatment course, patient mouth and throat soreness (MTS) was self-reported weekly using a validated oral mucositis questionnaire, with responses 0 (no)~4 (extreme). Average treatment times from day one until the day before each mucositis survey were categorized into seven groups. Multivariable-adjusted marginal average scores (LSmeans) were estimated for the repeated- and maximum-MTS, using a linear-mixed model and generalized-linear model, respectively. RESULTS Radiation treatment time was significantly associated with the oral mucositis severity using both repeated-MTS (n=1156;p=0.02) and maximum-MTS (n=190;p=0.04), with consistent patterns. The severity was lowest for patients treated during 830- less then 930am (LSmeans for maximum-MTS=2.24; standard error=0.15), increased at later treatment times and peaked at early afternoon (1130 am- less then 300 pm, LSmeans=2.66~2.71; standard errors=0.16/0.17), and then decreased substantially after 3 pm. CONCLUSIONS We report a significant association between radiation treatment time and oral mucositis severity in head-neck cancer patients. IMPACT While additional studies are needed, these data suggest a potential simple treatment time solution to limit severity of oral mucositis during radiotherapy without increasing cost. Copyright ©2020, American Association for Cancer Research.BACKGROUND Reduction in breast density may be a biomarker of endocrine therapy (ET) efficacy. Our objective was to assess the impact of race on ET-related changes in volumetric breast density (VBD). METHODS This retrospective cohort study assessed longitudinal changes in VBD measures in women with estrogen receptor-positive invasive breast cancer treated with ET. VBD, the ratio of fibroglandular volume (FGV) to breast volume (BV), was measured using Volpara software. Changes in measurements were evaluated using a multivariable linear mixed effects model. RESULTS Compared to white women (n=191), black women (n=107) had higher rates of obesity (mean±SD BMI 34.5±9.1 kg/m2 versus 30.6±7.0, p less then 0.001) and pre-menopausal status (32.7% versus 16.7%, p=0.002). Age- and BMI-adjusted baseline FGV, BV, and VBD were similar between groups. Modeled longitudinal changes were also similar during a follow-up of 30.7±15.0 months (mean±SD), FGV decreased over time in pre-menopausal women (slope -0.323 cm3, SE 0.093, p=0.001), BV increased overall (slope 2.475 cm3, SE 0.483, p less then 0.0001), and VBD decreased (pre-menopausal slope -0.063%, SE 0.011; post-menopausal slope -0.016%, SE 0.004, p less then 0.0001). Race was not significantly associated with these longitudinal changes, nor did race modify the effect of time on these changes. Higher BMI was associated with lower baseline VBD (p less then 0.0001). Among pre-menopausal women, VBD declined more steeply for women with lower BMI (time X BMI p=0.0098). CONCLUSIONS Race does not appear to impact ET-related longitudinal changes in VBD. IMPACT Racial disparities in ER+ breast cancer recurrence and mortality may not be explained by differential declines in breast density due to ET. Copyright ©2020, American Association for Cancer Research.