Woodruffdowd3844

02296775.PURPOSE Weight concern, including fear of weight gain and sensitivity to weight gain, is indicative of disordered eating in individuals with underweight or healthy weight. It is unknown, however, whether or how these constructs present in individuals with excess weight, particularly among those with binge-eating disorder (BED). This study sought to characterize fear of weight gain and sensitivity to weight gain and examine their relationship with disordered eating and depression symptoms, in individuals seeking weight loss treatment, both with and without BED. METHODS Adults seeking weight loss treatment in an urban primary care clinic (N = 131) completed the Eating Disorder Examination interview and Beck Depression Inventory. Height and weight were collected. RESULTS Clinical levels of fear of weight gain and sensitivity to weight gain were present in this sample. Individuals with BED reported experiencing fear of weight gain (48.6%), significantly more than those without BED (20.9%); both groups reported similar and clinically elevated sensitivity to weight gain. Both constructs were related to greater levels of disordered eating and depression symptoms, at times based on BED status. Fear of weight gain was associated with overvaluation of weight and shape for those without BED only. Objective and subjective bulimic episodes were unrelated to fear of weight gain or sensitivity to weight gain, regardless of BED status. CONCLUSION Fear of weight gain and sensitivity to weight gain were common in this sample and may be maladaptive, as evidenced by associations with elevated eating psychopathology. Future studies should examine these variables within larger samples and should employ longitudinal designs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III case-control analytic study.BACKGROUND To compare the breast cancer detection performance in digital mammograms of a panel of three unaided human readers (HR) versus a stand-alone artificial intelligence (AI)-based Transpara system in a population of Japanese women. METHODS The subjects were 310 Japanese female outpatients who underwent digital mammographic examinations between January 2018 and October 2018. A panel of three HR provided a Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) score, and Transpara system provided an interactive decision support score and an examination-based cancer likelihood score. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity were compared under each of reading conditions. RESULTS The AUC was higher for human readers than with stand-alone Transpara system (human readers 0.816; Transpara system 0.706; difference 0.11; P  less then  0.001). The sensitivity of the unaided HR for diagnosis was 89% and specificity was 86%. selleck products The sensitivity of stand-alone Transpara system for cutoff scores of 4 and 7 were 93% and 85%, and specificities were 45% and 67%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Although the diagnostic performance of Transpara system was statistically lower than that of HR, the recent advances in AI algorithms are expected to reduce the difference between computers and human experts in detecting breast cancer.BACKGROUND Substance abuse research can raise ethical concerns about the comprehension and decision-making capacities of participants with drug dependence. In this study, the competence and willingness to consent to research participation were examined among patients with heroin dependence. METHODS Twenty patients with heroin dependence and 24 healthy controls were asked to indicate if they would consent to participate in a low- and high-risk study. The MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool-Clinical Research was used to assess their consent capacities. RESULTS Patients with heroin dependence and healthy controls did not differ significantly in their consent capacity scores. However, the patterns that underlay their decisions to consent and decline to participate in the two fictional studies were significantly different. Specifically, patients with heroin dependence were more likely to consent to participate in both studies, irrespective of the ratio of benefits to risks. Further, patients with heroin dependence who agreed to participate in the research studies did not demonstrate poorer decision-making capacities than their nonconsenting counterparts. CONCLUSIONS Although the decision-making capacities of patients with heroin dependence and healthy controls were similar, the patterns that underlay their decisions to consent or decline to participate in the studies differed significantly between the two groups. Future studies should identify the specific factors that account for these emergent group differences.Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and their derivatives are increasingly used in pediatric pharmacotherapy, and the number of antibody-based drug products with approved pediatric indications is continuously growing. In most instances, pediatric use is being pursued after the efficacy and safety of novel antibody medications have been established in adult indications. The pediatric extrapolation exercise that is frequently used in this context to bridge efficacy and safety from adults to children is oftentimes challenged through uncertainties and knowledge gaps in how to reliably extrapolate pharmacokinetics and clinical pharmacology of mAbs to different pediatric age groups, and how to derive age-appropriate dosing regimens that strike a balance between precision dosing and practicability. The article highlights some of the pharmacokinetic and clinical pharmacology challenges with regard to therapeutic use of mAbs and antibody derivatives in children, including immunogenicity events. Although considering body size-based differences in drug disposition can account for many of the perceived and actual differences in the distribution and elimination of antibody-based therapeutics between children and adults, increasing evidence suggests potential or actual age-associated differences beyond size differences, especially for young pediatric patients such as newborns and infants. To overcome age-associated differences in antibody disposition, various different dosing approaches have been applied to ensure safe and efficacious antibody exposure for pediatric populations of different ages. The development of such dosing regimens and the associated pathway to pediatric indication approval is illustrated in more detail for two antibody-based biologics, the fusion protein abatacept and the mAb tocilizumab.