Wooddelaney1918

59 V. After the stability test for overall water splitting at 1.59 V for 24 h, the activity almost remains unchanged. The features of excellent electrocatalytic activity, simple preparation, and inexpensive raw materials for Co-Mo-B-P/CF as a bifunctional catalyst hold great potentials for overall water splitting.Plasmonic nanoantennas focus light below the diffraction limit, creating strong field enhancements, typically within a nanoscale junction. Placing a nanostructure within the junction can greatly enhance the nanostructure's innate optical absorption, resulting in intense photothermal heating that could ultimately compromise both the nanostructure and the nanoantenna. Here, we demonstrate a three-dimensional "antenna-reactor" geometry that results in large nanoscale thermal gradients, inducing large local temperature increases in the confined nanostructure reactor while minimizing the temperature increase of the surrounding antenna. The nanostructure is supported on an insulating substrate within the antenna gap, while the antenna maintains direct contact with an underlying thermal conductor. Elevated local temperatures are quantified, and high local temperature gradients that thermally reshape only the internal reactor element within each antenna-reactor structure are observed. We also show that high local temperature increases of nominally 200 °C are achievable within antenna-reactors patterned into large extended arrays. This simple strategy can facilitate standoff optical generation of high-temperature hotspots, which may be useful in applications such as small-volume, high-throughput chemical processes, where reaction efficiencies depend exponentially on local temperature.Ion mobility spectrometry and gas-phase IR action spectroscopy are two structure-sensitive mass-spectrometric methods becoming more popular recently. While ion mobility spectrometry provides collision cross sections as a size and shape dependent parameter of an ion of interest, gas-phase spectroscopy identifies functional groups and is capable of distinguishing different isomers. Both methods have recently found application for the investigation of supramolecular assemblies. We here highlight several aspects.Starting with the characterization of switching states in azobenzene photoswitches as well as redox-switchable lasso-type pseudorotaxanes, structures of isomers can be distinguished and mechanistic details analyzed. Ion mobility mass spectrometry in combination with gas-phase H/D-exchange reactions unravels subtle structural details as described for the chiral recognition of crown ether amino acid complexes. Gas-phase IR spectroscopy allows identification of details of the binding patterns in dimeric amins molecular knots and Solomon links.A hypoxia-sensitive zwitterionic vehicle, DHigh-PEI-(A+P), with the ability for antifouling-mediated, stable biotransport and a photodynamic therapy (PDT)-sensitized hypoxic response for spatiotemporal controlled drug release, was developed for the tumor-specific delivery of chemotherapeutics and biomacromolecules. The amphiphilic DHigh-PEI-(A+P) was constructed from a betaine monomer (DMAAPS), a photosensitizer (PpIX), and an azobenzene-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid-modified polyethylenimine. Herein paclitaxel (PTX) was selected as a common model drug to verify the functions of the designed polymer. First, DHigh-PEI-(A+P) was demonstrated to spontaneously coassemble with PTX in aqueous solution with high drug loading (>35%). The desirable antifouling ability of DHigh-PEI-(A+P) was independently verified by efficient 4T1 endocytosis in serum alongside systemic tumor targeting. Furthermore, PpIX-mediated PDT was verified to aggravate and homogenize a hypoxic microenvironment at the cell and tissue levels for a sharp responsive disassembly of DHigh-PEI-(A+P) and thus a robust drug release in a well-controlled manner. As a result, DHigh-PEI-(A+P) amplified the therapeutic outcome of PTX on orthotopic 4T1 mouse models with minimal collateral damage. We proposed that DHigh-PEI-(A+P) may serve as a tailor-designed universal vehicle for the tumor-specific delivery of drugs with distinct physicochemical properties.Subcellular organelles are the cornerstones of cells, and destroying them will cause cell dysfunction and even death. Therefore, realizing precise organelle targeting of photosensitizers (PSs) can help reduce PS dosage, minimize side effects, avoid drug resistance, and enhance therapeutic efficacy in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Organelle-targeted PSs provide a new paradigm for the construction of the next generation of PSs and may provide implementable strategies for future precision medicine. In this Review, the recent targeting strategies of different organelles and the corresponding design principles of molecular and nanostructured PSs are summarized and discussed. The current challenges and opportunities in organelle-targeted PDT are also presented.Most macromolecular antimicrobials are ionic and thus lack miscibility/compatibility with nonionic substrate materials. In this context, nonionic hyperbranched polyesters (HBPs) with indole or isatin functionality were rationally designed, synthesized, and characterized. Antimicrobial disk diffusion assay indicated that these HBPs showed significant antibacterial activity against 8 human pathogenic bacteria compared to small molecules with indole or isatin groups. According to DSC measurements, up to 20% indole-based HBP is miscible with biodegradable polyesters (polyhydroxybutyrate or polycaprolactone), which can be attributed to the favorable hydrogen bonding between the N-H moiety of indole and the C═O of polyesters. HBPs with isatin or methylindole were completely immiscible with the same matrices. None of the HBPs leaked out from plastic matrix after being immersed in water for 5 days. The incorporation of indole into HBPs as well as small molecules facilitated their enzymatic degradation with PETase from Ideonella sakaiensis, while isatin had a complex impact. Molecular docking simulations of monomeric molecules with PETase revealed different orientations of the molecules at the active site due to the presence of indole or isatin groups, which could be related to the observed different enzymatic degradation behavior. selleck compound Finally, biocompatibility analysis with a mammalian cell line showed the negligible cytotoxic effect of the fabricated HBPs.