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evansi infected and uninfected with L. infantum (p less then 0.05), suggesting that some individuals of the microbiota could induce or restrict Leishmania infection. This assay also showed a negative effect of the antibiotic treatment and L. infantum infection on the gut microbiota diversity. Endosymbionts, such as Microsporidia infections ( less then 2%), were more often associated with guts without Leishmania infection, whereas Arsenophonus was only found in guts with a high load of Leishmania infection and treated with antibiotics. Finally, this is the first report that showed the potential role of intestinal microbiota in natural populations of P. evansi in susceptibility to L. infantum infection.Objectives China is the country most afflicted by hepatocellular carcinoma in the world. However, little is known about the epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in China. This study aimed to examine the trends of the prevalence, incidence, and mortality of hepatocellular carcinoma in China, and to investigate the effects of age, period, and birth cohort on the epidemiological trend. Methods The data were obtained from the Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance claims database (2003-2017) in Tianjin, China, which covers 5.95 million individuals. The average annual percentage change of the prevalence, incidence, and mortality were accessed using joinpoint regression. Age-period-cohort models were produced to quantify the effects of age, period, and cohort. Results The hepatocellular carcinoma prevalence rate increased by 5.13% annually from 20.12/100,000 in 2008 to 30.49/100,000 in 2017, and the incidence rate was almost unchanged, from 13.91/100,000 in 2008 to 14.09/100,000 in 2017, but mortality decreased by 1.80% annually from 8.18/100,000 in 2008 to 7.34/100,000 in 2017. The age-period-cohort analysis revealed that the prevalence rate was remarkably increased from age 25, peaked in age 60, and decreased at age 70 and over. In the period index, the prevalence rate increased gradually from 2008 to 2016, and decreased a little in 2017. In the cohort index, the prevalence rate decreased approximately linearly from the 1925 cohort to the 1990 cohort. The result for the incidence was similar to the prevalence. The mortality rate increased approximately linearly from age 45 to 85, decreased from the 1925 cohort to the 1990 cohort, but it changed a little with the change of period. Conclusions The findings of this study could inform the necessity of conducting earlier screening for high-risk individuals and improving the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma, which may also help to predict future changes in hepatocellular carcinoma epidemiology.The authors regret that Figures 6 and 11b in [...].The authors wish to add one reference [...].In this work, the effect of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) on the biodegradation, under composting conditions, of hierarchical PLA biocomposites (HBCs) was studied using a full 22 factorial experimental design. The HBCs were prepared by extrusion processing and were composted for 180 days. At certain time intervals, the specimens were removed from the compost for their chemical, thermal and morphological characterizations. An ANOVA analysis was carried out at different composting times to study MFC and CNCs' effects on biodegradation. The specimen's mass loss and molecular weight loss were selected as independent variables. The results show that the presence of MFC enhances the PLA biodegradation, while with CNCs it decreases. However, when both cellulosic fibers are present, a synergistic effect was evident-i.e., in the presence of the MFC, the inclusion of the CNCs accelerates the HBCs biodegradation. Analysis of the ANOVA results confirms the relevance of the synergistic role between both cellulosic fibers over the HBC biodegradation under composting conditions. NSC 167409 ic50 The results also suggest that during the first 90 days of incubation, the hydrolytic PLA degradation prevails, whereas, beyond that, the enzymatic microbial biodegradation dominates. The SEM results show MFC's presence enhances the surface biodeterioration to a greater extent than the CNCs and that their simultaneous presence enhances PLA biodegradation. The SEM results also indicate that the biodegradation process begins from hydrophilic cellulosic fibers and promotes PLA biodegradation.Flexible electronics enable various technologies to be integrated into daily life and fuel the quests to develop revolutionary applications, such as artificial skins, intelligent textiles, e-skin patches, and on-skin displays. Mechanical characteristics, including the total thickness and the bending radius, are of paramount importance for physically flexible electronics. However, the limitation regarding semiconductor fabrication challenges the mechanical flexibility of thin-film electronics. Thin-Film Transistors (TFTs) are a key component in thin-film electronics that restrict the flexibility of thin-film systems. Here, we provide a brief overview of the trends of the last three decades in the physical flexibility of various semiconducting technologies, including amorphous-silicon, polycrystalline silicon, oxides, carbon nanotubes, and organics. The study demonstrates the trends of the mechanical properties, including the total thickness and the bending radius, and provides a vision for the future of flexible TFTs.African trypanosomes cause diseases in humans and livestock. Human African trypanosomiasis is caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and T. b. gambiense. Animal trypanosomoses have major effects on livestock production and the economy in developing countries, with disease management depending mainly on chemotherapy. Moreover, only few drugs are available and these have adverse effects on patients, are costly, show poor accessibility, and parasites develop drug resistance to them. Therefore, novel trypanocidal drugs are urgently needed. Here, the effects of synthesized nitrofurantoin analogs were evaluated against six species/strains of animal and human trypanosomes, and the treatment efficacy of the selected compounds was assessed in vivo. Analogs 11 and 12, containing 11- and 12-carbon aliphatic chains, respectively, showed the highest trypanocidal activity (IC50 246.02 µM) in vitro. Structure-activity relationship analysis suggested that the trypanocidal activity and cytotoxicity were related to the number of carbons in the aliphatic chain and electronegativity.