Willumsenmckee0243

Traditional cancer treatment includes surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy that are beneficially clinically, but are associated with drawbacks such as drug resistance and side effects. In quest of better treatment many new molecular targets have been introduced in the last few decades. Finding new molecular mechanisms encourages researchers to discover new anticancer agents. Exploring the mechanism of action also facilitates both anticipation of potential resistance mechanisms and optimization of rational combination therapies. The write up describes the leading molecular mechanisms for cancer therapy, including mTOR, tyrosine Wee1 kinase (WEE1), janus kinases, PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway, serine/threonine protein kinase AKT, checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1), maternal embryonic leucine-zipper kinase (MELK), DNA methyltransferase I (DNMT1), poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-1/-2, sphingosine kinase-2 (SK2), pan-FGFR, inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP), murine double minute 2 (MDM2), Bcl-2 family protein and reactive oxygen species 1 (ROS1). Additionally, the manuscript reviews the anticancer drugs currently under clinical trials. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.Natural products form a significant portion of medicinal agents that are currently used for the management of cancer. All these natural products have unique structures along with diverse action mechanisms with the capacity to interact with different therapeutic targets of several complex disorders. Although the plants contribute as a major source of natural products with anti-cancer potential, the marine environment and microbes have also bestowed some substantial chemotherapeutic agents. Few examples of anti-cancer agents of natural origin include vincristine, vinblastine, paclitaxel, camptothecin and topotecan obtained from plants, bryostatins, sarcodictyin and cytarabine from marine organisms and bleomycin and doxorubicin from micro-organisms (dactinomycin, bleomycin and doxorubicin). The incredible diversity in the chemical structures and biological properties of compounds obtained from million species of plants, marine organisms and microorganisms present in nature has commenced a new era of potential therapeutic anti-cancer agents. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.Dietary protein is linked to the intestinal microorganisms. The decomposition of dietary protein can provide nutrients for microbial growth, which in turn can ferment protein to produce some metabolites. This review elaborates that the effects of different protein levels and types on intestinal microorganisms and its metabolites fermented by intestinal microorganisms, as well as the effects of these metabolites on organisms. It is well known that intestinal microbial imbalance can cause some diseases. Dietary protein supplementation can alter the composition of intestinal microorganisms and thus regulates the body health. However, protein can also produce some harmful metabolites. Therefore, how to rationally supplement protein is particularly important. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.The gastro intestinal tract (GIT) of humans and animals is host to a complex community of different microorganisms whose activities significantly influence host nutrition and health through enhanced metabolic capabilities, protection against pathogens, and regulation of the gastrointestinal development and immune system. New molecular technologies and concepts have revealed distinct interactions between the gut microbiota and dietary amino acids (AAs) especially in relation to AA metabolism and utilization in resident bacteria in the digestive tract, and these interactions may play significant roles in host nutrition and health as well as the efficiency of dietary AA supplementation. After protein is digested and AAs and peptides are absorbed in the small intestine, significant levels of endogenous and exogenous nitrogenous compounds enter the large intestine through the ileocaecal junction. Once in the colonic lumen, these compounds are not markedly absorbed by the large intestinal mucosa, but undergo intense proteolysis by colonic microbiota leading to the release of peptides and AAs and results in production of numerous bacterial metabolites such as ammonia, amines, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs), hydrogen sulfide, organic acids, and phenols. These metabolites influence various signaling pathways in epithelial cells, regulate the mucosal immune system in the host, and modulate gene expression of bacterial which results in the synthesis of enzymes associated with AA metabolism. This review aims to summarize the current literature relating to how the interactions between dietary amino acids and gut microbiota may promote host nutrition and health. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.In the rapidly evolving field of nanotechnology, plant virus nanoparticles (pVNPs) are emerging as powerful tools in diverse applications ranging from biomedicine to materials science. The proteinaceous structure of plant viruses allows the capsid structure to be modified by genetic engineering and/or chemical conjugation with nanoscale precision. This means that pVNPs can be engineered to display peptides and proteins on their external surface, including immunodominant peptides derived from pathogens allowing pVNPs to be used for active immunization. In this context, pVNPs are safer than VNPs derived from mammalian viruses because there is no risk of infection or reversion to pathogenicity. Furthermore, pVNPs can be produced rapidly and inexpensively in natural host plants or heterologous production platforms. In this review, we discuss the use of pVNPs for the delivery of peptide antigens to the host immune in pre-clinical studies with the final aim of promoting systemic immunity against the corresponding pathogens. Furthermore, we described the versatility of plant viruses, with innate immunostimulatory properties, in providing a huge natural resource of carriers that can be used to develop the next generation of sustainable vaccines. Selleckchem APX-115 Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.