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CHA expressed more osteogenic and angiogenic related factors, creating a favorable microenvironment for osteogenesis and angiogenesis. Also, the findings have allowed for the construction of a CHA-hVEGF-BMSCs tissue-engineered bone.Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) were previously considered as toxic gases, but now they are found to be members of mammalian gasotransmitters family. Both H2S and SO2 are endogenously produced in sulfur-containing amino acid metabolic pathway in vivo. The enzymes catalyzing the formation of H2S are mainly CBS, CSE, and 3-MST, and the key enzymes for SO2 production are AAT1 and AAT2. Endogenous NO is produced from L-arginine under catalysis of three isoforms of NOS (eNOS, iNOS, and nNOS). HO-mediated heme catabolism is the main source of endogenous CO. These four gasotransmitters play important physiological and pathophysiological roles in mammalian cardiovascular, nervous, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and immune systems. The similarity among these four gasotransmitters can be seen from the same and/or shared signals. With many studies on the biological effects of gasotransmitters on multiple systems, the interaction among H2S and other gasotransmitters has been gradually explored. H2S not only interacts with NO to form nitroxyl (HNO), but also regulates the HO/CO and AAT/SO2 pathways. Here, we review the biosynthesis and metabolism of the gasotransmitters in mammals, as well as the known complicated interactions among H2S and other gasotransmitters (NO, CO, and SO2) and their effects on various aspects of cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology, such as vascular tension, angiogenesis, heart contractility, and cardiac protection.Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), known as a gas signal molecule, plays an important role in the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) through mechanisms such as angiogenesis, vasodilation, and anti-vascular endothelial cell senescence. Current studies have shown that H2S can regulate cardiac function through epigenetic regulation. The regulation has opened up a new avenue for the study of CVD development mechanism and H2S related drug discoveries.Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), an endogenous, gaseous, signaling transmitter, has been shown to have vasodilative, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective activities. Increasing evidence also indicates that H2S can suppress the production of inflammatory mediators by immune cells, for example, T cells and macrophages. Inflammation is closely related to an immune response in several diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), multiple sclerosis (MS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and cancer. Considering these biological effects of H2S, a potential role in the treatment of immune-related RA is being exploited. In the present review, we will provide an overview of the therapeutic potential of H2S in RA treatment.Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays a vital role in human physiology and in the pathophysiology of several diseases. In addition, a substantial role of H2S in inflammation has emerged. This chapter will discuss the involvement of H2S in various inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, the contribution of reactive oxygen species (ROS), adhesion molecules, and leukocyte recruitment in H2S-mediated inflammation will be discussed. The interrelationship of H2S with other gasotransmitters in inflammation will also be examined. There is mixed literature on the contribution of H2S to inflammation due to studies reporting both pro- and anti-inflammatory actions. These apparent discrepancies in the literature could be resolved with further studies.Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is the "third gasotransmitter" recognized alongside nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO). H2S exhibits an array of biological effects in mammalian cells as revealed by studies showing important roles in the cardiovascular system, in cell signalling processes, post-translational modifications and in the immune system. Regarding the latter, using pharmacological and genetic approaches scientists have shown this molecule to have both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects in mammalian systems. The anti-inflammatory effects of H2S appeared to be due to its inhibitory action on the nuclear factor kappa beta signalling pathway; NF-kB representing a transcription factor involved in the regulation pro-inflammatory mediators like nitric oxide, prostaglandins, and cytokines. In contrast, results from several animal model describe a more complicated picture and report on pro-inflammatory effects linked to exposure to this molecule; linked to dosage used and point of administration of this molecule. Overall, roles for H2S in several inflammatory diseases spanning arthritis, atherosclerosis, sepsis, and asthma have been described by researchers. In light this work fascinating research, this chapter will cover H2S biology and its many roles in the immune system.The pathways and mechanisms of the production of H2S in the gastrointestinal tract are briefly described, including endogenous H2S produced by the organism and H2S from microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, the physiological regulatory functions of H2S on gastrointestinal motility, sensation, secretion and absorption, endocrine system, proliferation and differentiation of stem cells, and the possible mechanisms involved are introduced. In view of the complexity of biosynthesis, physiological roles, and the mechanism of H2S, this chapter focuses on the interactions and dynamic balance among H2S, gastrointestinal microorganisms, and the host. Selleckchem ABC294640 Finally, we focus on some clinical gastrointestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, functional gastrointestinal disease, which might occur or develop when the above balance is broken. Pharmacological regulation of H2S or the intestinal microorganisms related to H2S might provide new therapeutic approaches for some gastrointestinal diseases.Glucose and lipids are essential elements for maintaining the body's homeostasis, and their dysfunction may participate in the pathologies of various diseases, particularly diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular ailments, and cancers. Among numerous endogenous mediators, the gasotransmitter hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays a central role in the maintenance of glucose and lipid homeostasis. Current evidence from both pharmacological studies and transgenic animal models suggest a complex relationship between H2S and metabolic dysregulation, especially in diabetes and obesity. This notion is achieved through tissue-specific expressions and actions of H2S on target metabolic and hormone organs including the pancreas, skeletal muscle, livers, and adipose. In this chapter, we will summarize the roles and mechanisms of H2S in several metabolic organs/tissues that are necessary for glucose and lipid metabolic homeostasis. In addition, future research directions and valuable therapeutic avenues around the pharmacological regulation of H2S in glycolipid metabolism disorder will be also discussed.