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The double burden of malnutrition presents a great challenge to society and research. Whilst undernutrition in all its forms - wasting, stunting, micronutrient deficiency - still affects millions of children and adults worldwide, overweight and obesity have become increasingly prevalent even in countries where people are sometimes facing food insecurity. Adequate breastfeeding and improved dietary diversity are still goals to be fulfilled. The challenge for scientists as well as administrators and politicians is to address these problems within a framework that is market-oriented almost everywhere. This implies that producers and traders of food attempt to get people to consume as much as possible independent from dietary requirements. Studies have demonstrated gaps in achieving optimal breastfeeding in regions where this type of infant feeding is lifesaving. Most children in sub-Saharan Africa are still not fed a minimum acceptable diet as defined by WHO. Benefits from phytochemicals, like polyphenols and vitamins, are increasingly better understood, as are food effects on the human gut microbiota. Recent research underlines the importance of behavioral change based on information and capabilities. Besides the focus on child growth and public health, the environmental effects of food production and processing need to be considered carefully. The publication of the "Food in the Anthropocene" report has set the stage for developing sustainable food systems everywhere in the world. This requires much more focus on local and regional resources and their optimal utilization.In his 1941 State of the Union address, Franklin D. Roosevelt articulated four fundamental freedoms that people "everywhere in the world" should enjoy - of speech and of worship, and from fear and from want. Food ("freedom from want") is a fundamental human right, and it is acknowledged that there is enough sustenance in the world to feed everyone. Yet, some 800 million people are hungry. Why? It is due to a combination of inequitable distribution and morally indefensible destruction of excess crops to keep market prices attractive for producers and "big-agro" industry. In addition, one third of food is lost or wasted from "farm to fork." The world financial and food crisis in 2008 led to an additional short-term dimension to food security - stability. Sustainability may be regarded as the long-term time element combining environmental protection, sociocultural, and economic development. To emphasize the interrelations between economics and sustainable diets, the first two of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) are (1) No Poverty and (2) Zero Hunger. Every country has marginalized populations with food insecurity, aggravated by natural and man-made disasters and whose numbers are always underestimates. We have developed a Global Nutrition Index to track the triple burden of malnutrition and it seems that the problems of obesity and the food industry are even greater than those of hunger. NHWD-870 in vitro However, there is an essential difference while people never choose to be hungry, there are elements of socioeconomic inequalities, personal choice, and parental responsibility in the development of obesity, especially in children. Nutrition, economics, and education are essential for improving human capital and come together in SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-Being - since "a well-fed nation is a healthy nation is a productive and sustainable nation."Social injustice and poor policy frameworks contribute to hunger and all forms of malnutrition in a variety of ways. With its work in 38 partner countries, Welthungerhilfe (WHH) aims to make a significant contribution to achieving the Sustainable Development Goal target of eradicating hunger and all forms of malnutrition by 2030. In order to achieve this, WHH has strengthened its strategic approach "Programming towards Improved Nutrition (PtIN)" is WHH's initiative to improve nutrition among children, women, and men of vulnerable households. PtIN is an integrated, intersectoral system approach which considers the multiple causes of malnutrition and identifies the enabling factors that contribute to reaching food and nutrition security. PtIN consists of four pillars First, the rights-based approach, which puts the most vulnerable population groups as rights holders into the center of all efforts. Second, a multisectoral approach and thinking in systems supports the better alignment of relevant sectors to work medium private sector actors as important stakeholders in shaping healthy food systems.The global burden of malnutrition remains unacceptably high. Malnutrition is a universal issue restricting development and slowing progress. Malnutrition is responsible for more illness and ill-health than any other cause worldwide. Despite underlying determinants of undernutrition being well understood for decades, millions of children worldwide face multiple malnutrition burdens, and women face a higher burden than men when it comes to malnutrition due to higher nutrient needs. Despite these alarming statistics, significant strides are being made. Globally, stunting rates among children have declined and many countries are on their way to achieving at least one nutritional status target for 2025. However, a broader range of stakeholders must be more fully engaged if malnutrition is to be reduced in a sustainable manner, including increased engagement from the private sector. To support achievement of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goal of ending all forms of malnutrition (goal 2.2), there must be urgent and decisive actions by all stakeholders to address existing data gaps, present new food systems innovations, ensure nutritious diets for all, fully finance nutrition action, and adhere to global commitments.The urgent call to transform global food systems is well founded on the need to reduce the effects of food systems on human health, environment, peoples' rights, and creation of a just society. Unhealthy diets contribute significantly to the global disease burden and pose huge risks to morbidity and mortality. Efforts to transform diets are highly dependent on transformation of the food system. All countries are now affected by the various forms of malnutrition - undernutrition, overweight and obesity, micronutrient deficiencies - with progress often too slow and in some cases going into reverse. Concomitantly, the number of food insecure is increasing, and the prevalence of non-communicable disease is high. IPES-Food, in collaboration with the Global Alliance for the Future of Food, undertook a review of the scientific evidence covering a whole range of global health impacts associated with food systems. The review examined how food and farming systems affect human health, explored why the negative impacts are systematically reproduced and why we fail to prioritize them politically, and how we can build healthier food systems for all. Five categories of health impacts were examined (i) occupational hazards; (ii) environmental contamination; (iii) contaminated, unsafe, and altered foods; (iv) unhealthy dietary patterns, and (v) food insecurity. The study confirmed that food systems affect health through multiple, interconnected pathways, generating severe human and economic costs. It also highlighted how prevailing power relations in the food system help to shape and sometimes obscure our understanding of the impacts. Five leverage points for building healthier food systems are recommended (i) promotion of food systems thinking; (ii) reasserting scientific integrity and research as a public good; (iii) bringing the alternatives to light; (iv) adopting the precautionary principle, and (v) building integrated food policies under participatory governance.Dietary transition towards more animal-based and more highly processed energy-dense foods and beverages has led to sufficient or excessive intake of calories, but also a risk of insufficient intake of various essential macro- and micronutrients (the so-called double burden of malnutrition), in high-income countries, as well as in low- and middle-income countries. Taxation of energy-dense and non-essential food and beverage products has been proposed as a policy tool to reduce the intake of these foods, and such taxes have been implemented in several countries, often targeted at sugared beverages, candies, or snacks. Several studies tend to confirm an effect of such taxes on the consumption of the targeted products, but there is less knowledge as to how these taxes influence the "double burden" challenges associated with insufficient intake of important nutrients for some consumers. This paper reviews and discusses the mechanisms and experiences with taxation of unhealthy food products, as well as some implications of food taxation in light of the double burden perspective. Existing evidence suggests that taxation of unhealthy food products has the potential to reduce consumers' intake of these products and a potential to stimulate the consumption of other food products through substitution effects. However, except for the taxation of "sweets," it is not generally evident whether such substitution effects will be beneficial or harmful from a nutritional point of view. Concerns in this respect include whether individuals' sufficiency in different macro- and micronutrients will be improved or deteriorated by such effects, and whether these effects differ between population segments with currently high and low nutritional risk.This study aims to assess the impact of future global development pathways on food and nutrition security, particularly on the composition of diets considering macronutrients. For this purpose, two alternative baseline scenarios until 2030 following the narratives of shared socioeconomic pathways are simulated using a global economic model, extended to account for detailed nutrition information of different food groups taken from the FAO food balance sheets. In general, both scenarios reveal increases in energy intake for the average consumer in all regions. However, some regions remain on average below or at the recommended energy intake level, indicating that still a substantial share of the population could remain food insecure. By contrast, particularly in emerging and industrialized countries, energy intake increases substantially by increasing the consumption of meat, oils and fats, as well as sugar. As the diet in most of these countries already exceeded the recommended intake of fat and protein in 2011, the scenario results indicate further increases in overconsumption and related non-communicable diseases for the future.Many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are experiencing profound changes in food environments, including a rapid growth of supermarkets and other modern retailers. Changing food environments can influence people's diets, nutrition, and health. While in many LMICs, undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies are still widespread, problems of overweight, obesity, and related non-communicable diseases are also massively on the rise. Supermarkets seem to contribute to overweight and obesity among adults, but effects on children and adolescents could possibly be different. Here, we review the available evidence about the implications of supermarkets for people's diets, nutrition, and health. Particular emphasis is placed on recent studies from urban Kenya that used panel data and differencing techniques to identify causal effects on different age cohorts. The results from Kenya show that shopping in supermarkets contributes to higher consumption of processed and highly processed foods and lower consumption of unprocessed foods.