Wilhelmsenmackay5012

45 ± 14.48 mm2 and 12 weeks for a 3-month interval). The advantage observed in the group with 1 month primary vaccination interval, which induces an earlier protective immunity, is counterbalance with a lower peak of immunity and a wider immunity gap after V2, when compared with foals vaccinated with 2- and 3-month intervals.The dynamic upper airway functional (URT) problems of Colombian paso horses (CPH) have not been investigated in literature up to date. These horses perform special walking gaits with high poll flexion of the neck. Our goal is to evaluate the upper airway mechanics in CPH, showing abnormal respiratory sounds and poor performance during exercise. Resting and overground endoscopy was performed in 40 CPHs. Statistical analyses were performed using the sciPy package. One-tailed Fisher exact tests were used to check for positive contingency between each pair of upper respiratory tract disorder (P less then .05). Arytenoid cartilage collapse was observed in 35 of 40 cases during exercise. Among these, dynamic laryngeal collapse (DLC) was the most significant finding, but ventromedial luxation of the apex of the corniculate process of the arytenoid and recurrent laryngeal neuropathy was also observed. Dorsal displacement of the soft palate was only detected in 4 of 40 cases. DLC was significantly associated with vocal cord collapse, nasopharyngeal collapse, and medial collapse of the margins of the epiglottis, and medial collapse of the margins of the epiglottis was associated with nasopharyngeal collapse. DLC is only a typical feature in some special breeds worldwide. We suggest that the extensive poll flexion and the relatively small laryngeal lumen and high intensitivity workload are the most important predisposing factors of DLC. Ventromedial luxation of the apex of the corniculate process of the arytenoid was over-represented in our caseload, compared with other studies. Whereas, despite the intensive workload, dorsal displacement of the soft palate was relatively uncommon. We presume that this could also be tailored to the high poll flexion performed during the special gaits.

The breeding prognosis for a mare with fungal (yeast or mold) endometritis is generally considered poor. To our knowledge, however, no reports have been published on the expected pregnancy rate for mares diagnosed with a fungal infection.

Insemination records from 3,223 mares inseminated at two stud farms were retrospectively examined. Mares diagnosed with fungal endometritis were all treated with uterine lavage using physiological saline, intrauterine deposition of 100 mg Clotrimazole vagitorial tablets and oxytocin (10 i.e., i.m.) for three consecutive days.

From mares with signs of endometritis microbiological culture and cytological assessment were performed on endometrial biopsies. The per season pregnancy results were compared between affected and unaffected mares.

A total of 686 mares out of 3,223 mares were considered to have endometritis. Based on the endometrial biopsies obtained, 377 (55%) had no growth, 50 (7.2%) had growth of yeast, 2 (0.3%) had growth of mold and 257 (37.4%) had growth opreviously diagnosed with an endometrial yeast infection got in foal rendering the breeding prognosis better than initially anticipated.During transport, horses are subjected to acceleration in three dimensions, rapid braking, turning, noise, and other stressors. The animal's ability to make postural corrections may be insufficient to prevent injury or distress, and so knowledge of the compensatory motion patterns of the horse in the trailer is a necessary precondition for smart design of transport systems. A custom two-horse trailer was built for this project. It had a horse compartment 1.85 m wide by 3.95 m long, with adjustable bulkheads and a centre divider separating the horses. The floor was instrumented with 24 shearbeam load cells to measure the vertical load imposed by each horse and its horizontal motion. Two horses were driven on a 56 km trip on both rural and urban roads. PIK-III order Load data were collected at 100 Hz for the 58-minute trip and were filtered with a cut-off frequency of 5 Hz using a Butterworth low-pass filter and then vertical acceleration computed. A pivot table counted sign reversals in the vertical acceleration signal, and vertical displacement was calculated using the fundamental frequency of the resulting acceleration data. Total vertical motion was calculated by making the negative displacements absolute and summing these with the positive displacements, and vertical work done was calculated by multiplying the force by the displacement measures. Horizontal motion was calculated by averaging the transverse and cranio-caudal position of the centre of pressure every second and adding the resultant displacements. Absolute vertical displacement of the two horses was 69.55 m and 97.56 m. In addition to the work done by standing, vertical work done in response to vibration was 322.4 kJ and 443.2 kJ. Horizontal excursion was 227.1 m and 243.0 m. This is a first effort to quantify the additional workload imposed on animals during transport, which will aid in the design of smart transport vehicles that will minimize the stress to horses.The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity and to identify the most influential ancestors in the population of Brazilian Quarter Horses participating in cutting competitions. Data from 1,590 elite horses born between 1970 and 2015, which participated in cutting competitions between 1981 and 2018, were evaluated based on the pedigree file that contained 5,832 animals born since 1834. Evaluation of the quality of the pedigree data showed a mean number of known equivalent generations of 5.4 ± 1.5 and a mean generation interval of 11.7 ± 8.8 years. The inbreeding coefficient (1.98 ± 7.13%), relatedness coefficient (2.18 ± 0.01%), and individual increase in inbreeding (0.43 ± 0.01%) were low. The effective population size (Ne) was 136 animals. The probability of gene origin indicated effective numbers of founders, ancestors, and founder genomes of 255, 37, and 23 animals, respectively. The number of founders and ancestors was 1,852 and 899 animals, respectively, with 10, 50, and 100 ancestors explaining 39.2%, 67.9%, and 91.6%, respectively, of the genetic diversity of the population. The five most influential ancestors were Doc Bar, Peppy San Badger, Freckles Playboy, Poco Lena, and High Brow Cat, accumulating 30.7% of the marginal genetic contributions of the population. Few ancestors were responsible for the genetic diversity, resulting in the narrowing of the initial genetic base. Breeders depend on a small group of ancestors, which could be corrected by increasing the number of breeding animals and by directed mating using ancestors of different origins.Surgical repair of unicortical fractures of the distal condyles of the third metacarpal/metatarsal bones (MCIII/MTIII) has been described. In the present case, a bioabsorbable screw was used to stabilize a unicortical fracture in the palmar aspect of the medial condyle of MCIII in a National Hunt Thoroughbred racehorse. The clinical, radiographic, and magnetic resonance imaging findings before and after surgery were recorded. Eighteen weeks after surgery, the lameness had resolved and the bone surrounding the fracture had recovered its normal architecture. One year after surgery, the horse was in training, showed no recurrence of the primary lesion and was considered a "racing prospect" by the trainer. The use of a bioabsorbable screw in this case was associated with a successful outcome and is worthy of further investigation.The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of dietary prebiotic fructooligosaccharides (FOS) from inulin and Enterococcus faecium on nutrient digestibility, fecal pH, and some blood parameters. In this experiment, twelve adult Kurdish horses with average bogy weight of 416 ± 43.3 kg and age averaging 6 ± 1.8 year were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin Square experiment with a 2 × 2 factorial design during 4 periods of 28 days, including 21 days for dietary adaptation and 7 days for sampling. Horses were offered 1 of 4 treatments (1) no FOS or 2.5 × 1011 colony forming units (CFU) of Enterococcus faecium supplementation (Con), (2) 10 g of FOS without Enterococcus faecium supplementation (Pre), (3) 10 g of Enterococcus faecium without FOS supplementation (Pro), and (4) 10 g of FOS plus 10 g of Enterococcus faecium supplementation (Mix). Results showed that fecal pH decreased in horses fed Pre or Pro treatments compared with those not supplemented (P less then .05). Also, triglyceride and cholesterol decreased when Pre was added to the diets (P less then .05). The concentration of triglyceride and cholesterol decreased in horses fed the Mix and Pro diets. Pre × Pro supplementation interactions were significant for high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentration and tended to be significant for low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentration, and horses fed the Mix treatment had the greatest and the lowest concentration of HDL and LDL, respectively (P less then .01). The IgM concentration was greater in horses fed Pre or Pro compared with those not supplemented (P less then .05). The treatments had no effect on IgA, IgG or liver enzymes concentration. Moreover, results indicated that FOS and Enterococcus faecium adding may interact to affect blood parameters, but did not affect nutrient digestibility under our experimental conditions, therefore further researches with higher supplementary doses are warranted.This study examined the effects of 15 sessions of hippotherapy (HPOT) on gross motor skills in children (aged 2-3 years) with gross motor developmental delay (DD) (n = 11) in comparison with age-based controls without DD (n = 6). Gross motor skills in both groups were assessed with the Battelle Developmental Inventory 2nd Edition, and gait parameters were measured using a computerized gait analysis system prestudy and poststudy. The DD group took part in 15 sessions of HPOT, and the control (CON) group did not participate in any equine activities. The statistical analysis examined preintervention and postintervention data in the DD group and compared testing data at the same intervals in controls. Functional motor skills significantly improved after HPOT intervention. Mean percent motor delay score decreased by 24.1 points from pretest to post-test in the DD group, indicating significantly (P .05) from pre-test to post-est in the DD group after HPOT; however, improvement trends were seen in step width and step length after HPOT. The results suggest that HPOT intervention in young children with DD can improve gross motor skills. These data provide important quantitative information concerning the efficacy of early HPOT intervention for children with DD during this critical stage of child development.Despite its importance to product development, few data compare preferences for horses with human consumers. The objectives of this research were to compare treat preferences of horses against horse owners. Product A was a disk-shaped cinnamon-flavored flax-based treat, and product B was a textured apple-flavored oat-based treat. Horses were presented with two treat products in a paired preference test which comprised separate olfaction and consumption periods. Consumers evaluated the treats separately for purchase intent as well as hedonic testing of sensory attributes. No difference was observed for first product sniffed, consumed, or finished during the horse preference test. However, moderate positive correlations were observed between first product sniffed and consumed (P = .01, ф = 0.40) as well as first product consumed and finished (P less then .01, ф = 0.48). Horse owners rated product A lower in appearance, texture, size, and purchase intent (P less then .01) than product B. These results indicate that consumer testing for animal food should be considered during product development.