Westhmueller3284

The prolate spheroid formula was most suitable for calculation of testes volume for 18-50-year-old men and prolate ellipsoid formula was most suitable for calculation of 51-70-year-old men testes volume.BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus could result from disorders in insulin secretion or receptors mainly characterized by hyperglycemia. Natural antioxidants including pomegranate are traditionally used as hypoglycemic agents. The present research was designed to evaluate the possible therapeutic role of Pomegranate Peel Extract (PPE) against type1 diabetic -induced hepatic biochemical and histological alteration. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult male Wistar rats (N= 48) were sorted into four groups G1 control group, G2 normal rats received PPE. G3 STZ- diabetic rats, received IP streptozotocin (55 mg/kg BW) and G4 Diabetic rats post-treated with PPE (200 mg/kg BW/day). Effectiveness of (PPE) was assessed by measuring serum glucose, liver enzymes, and morphological features of liver tissue using light and electron microscopy. RESULTS Histological examination showed degenerative necrotic changes in diabetic rat liver which were improved by post-treatment with PPE. Biochemical results confirmed microscopic morphological and ultrastructural findings. CONCLUSIONS PPE was found to have a moderate therapeutic effect against a hepatic alteration in the male rats. It could be advised for diabetic patients suffering from the early alteration of liver functions.BACKGROUND Fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS) with 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) his proven to assist neurosurgeons to achieve a more complete brain tumour resection. However, 5-ALA-guided surgery is limited since it is often difficult to distinguish the colour difference between the resected areas of malignant brain tumours from their background. Our aim was to evaluate which colour difference formula was the most optimal to distinguish between malignant brain tumors from the background healthy tissue using 5-ALA fluorescence. MATERIALS AND METHODS 37 patients with a primary or secondary malignant brain tumour ingested 5-ALA before the surgery. A 400 nm light was used to excite the fluorescence. Surgical videos were recorded for all the patients and a total of 183 samples were obtained from the fluorescent areas and their respective backgrounds. Three colour differences formulas-contrast ratio (CR), CIELab (ΔE*) and CIEDE2000-were applied to the videos and compared using hot-cold maps. Baseline demographics, est colour discrimination between the resected areas of malignant brain tumours and the background when compared to CR and CIEDE2000. Therefore, ΔE* may be the best formula to help neurosurgeons distinguish the colour differences when operating malignant brain tumours with 5-ALA fluorescence.BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to provide a description of gross middle ear morphology in water buffalos, augmented with additional data on the osseous structures of middle ear derived from cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS Skulls of 10 young adult male water buffalos were used to examine their middle ear. RESULTS Anatomical features noted included the presence of tympanic cells in the tympanic bulla, the location of malleus head and neck, and all of incus in the dorsal epitympanic recess, the oval tympanic membrane (TM), absence of a prominent notch on the articular surface of malleus, positional variations of the lateral process of malleus relative to the muscular process and muscular process relative to the rostral process of malleus, absence of complete coverage of the articular facet of malleus head by incus body, and presence of the lenticular process of incus. In CBCT images, the osseous part of external acoustic meatus, the petrous part of temporal bone and the details of the ossicles were seen, except for stapes. CONCLUSIONS Although TM, malleus and stapes of water buffalos are similar to those of ox, the incus of water buffalos is more similar to that of goats. mTOR inhibitor The heaviest ossicles among the ruminants studied belonged to water buffalos; the mean length of malleus head and neck, total length and width of incus body as well as length of stapes head were greatest in water buffalos too. The auditory ossicles of water buffalos show 'transitional type' morphological characteristics. These features suggest a relatively wide frequency range of hearing, but not one biased towards especially low or especially high frequencies.BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to clarify the anatomy of the superior hypogastric plexus, which would contribute to advancement of nerve-sparing paraaortic lymphadenectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighteen cadavers were dissected and morphometrically analyzed based on photographic images. Anatomical landmarks such as aortic bifurcation, transitional points of abdominal aorta to bilateral common iliac arteries, and cross point of the right ureter and pelvic brim, and cross point of sigmoid mesentery and pelvic brim were selected as reference points. RESULTS The left lowest lumbar splanchnic nerve was located more laterally to transitional point of abdominal aorta to in 11/18 specimens, whereas the right lowest lumbar splanchnic nerve passed onto the right transitional point in only one specimen. The lowest lumbar splanchnic nerves or the superior hypogastric plexus covered the aortic bifurcation in 11/18 specimens. The superior hypogastric plexus was separate from the cross point of right ureter and pelvic brim as well as cross point of sigmoid mesentery and pelvic brim. CONCLUSIONS The SHP is at risk of injury during paraaortic lymphadenectomy because of its topography. Preservation of the superior hypogastric plexus regarding its anatomic basis during paraaortic lymphadenectomy is required.BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to determine the anatomical localization and morphometry of VBJ by Computed tomography (CT) images which may be helpful in planning the correct procedure before surgery such as endoscopic transsphenoidal transclival approach to the retroclival space. MATERIALS AND METHODS VBJ level was determined on axial, coronal reformat and sagittal reformat images. Clivus length , the distances of the VBJ to the upper and lower end of the clivus and to the bottom of the sphenoid sinus were measured. In addition, the position and distance of the VBJ relative to the midline were measured. The vertebral artery dominance was determined and the position of VBJ relative to the midline was evaluated. RESULTS When compared by gender, 1, a, b and c values were significantly longer in males than in females (p 0.05). A statistically significant relationship was found between vertebral artery predominance and localization of VBJ relative to the midline (p less then 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Careful perusal of CT images and the described VBJ morphometrics can help in accurate procedure planning to avoid basilar artery injury.