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Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Vision Science, Volume 7 is September 2021. Please see http//www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.There are many psychotherapy varieties, but all are delivered through two predominant modalities-individual and group. This article outlines differences between individual and group treatment and the advantages and disadvantages of each. The author focuses on psychodynamic treatment, but the differences between the two modalities apply across all theoretical orientations. Human beings are social animals with an innate drive for relationships. With the advent of mass transit and mass communication, many historic bastions of relationships, such as the family, the neighborhood, and religious institutions, have been disrupted, and the roots of relationships have become shallow. As a result, many people seek psychotherapy to help build and sustain more intimate and healthier relationships, a goal for which group therapy is well suited. As relationships develop in group psychotherapy, group members demonstrate the assets and liabilities of their relational styles. Their defenses against intimacy become apparent. For these reasons, group therapy is the treatment of choice for many people. The interpersonal nature of group psychotherapy provides an opportunity to recognize interpersonal behavior patterns and thus may provide tools to allow for more intimate relationships. When meeting a new patient, the therapist seeks not only the theoretical treatment that might be most amenable to the patient's individual needs but also the form of therapy that might work best. The aim of this article is to examine the unique features of group therapy and of the patients this modality may especially help.The vascular system is precisely regulated to adjust blood flow to organismal demand, thereby guaranteeing adequate perfusion under varying physiological conditions. Mechanical forces, such as cyclic circumferential stretch, are among the critical stimuli that dynamically adjust vessel distribution and diameter, but the precise mechanisms of adaptation to changing forces are unclear. We find that endothelial monolayers respond to cyclic stretch by transient remodeling of the VE-Cadherin-based adherens junctions and the associated actomyosin cytoskeleton. Time-resolved proteomic profiling reveals that this remodeling is driven by calcium influx through the mechanosensitive Piezo1 channel, triggering Rho activation to increase actomyosin contraction. As the mechanical stimulus persists, calcium signaling is attenuated through transient downregulation of Piezo1 protein. At the same time, filamins are phosphorylated to increase monolayer stiffness, allowing mechanoadaptation to restore junctional integrity despite continuing exposure to stretch. Collectively, this study identifies a biphasic response to cyclic stretch, consisting of an initial, calcium driven junctional mechanoresponse, followed by mechanoadaptation facilitated by monolayer stiffening.Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), a life-threatening disease characterized by pathological heart enlargement, can be caused by myosin mutations that reduce contractile function. To better define the mechanistic basis of this disease, we employed the powerful genetic and integrative approaches available in Drosophila melanogaster. To this end, we generated and analyzed the first fly model of human myosin-induced DCM. The model reproduces the S532P human β-cardiac myosin heavy chain DCM mutation, which is located within an actin binding region of the motor domain. In concordance with the mutation's location at the actomyosin interface, steady-state ATPase and muscle mechanics experiments revealed that the S532P mutation reduces the rates of actin-dependent ATPase activity and actin binding and increases the rate of actin detachment. The depressed function of this myosin form reduces the number of cross-bridges during active wing beating, the power output of indirect flight muscles, and flight ability. Further, S532P mutant hearts exhibit cardiac dilation that is mutant gene dose-dependent. Our study shows that Drosophila can faithfully model various aspects of human DCM phenotypes and suggests that impaired actomyosin interactions in S532P myosin induce contractile deficits that trigger the disease.Lacidipine (LAC) is a calcium antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension. It is a lipophilic drug containing dihydropyridine ring that is responsible for the activity. This review article gives an overview of various analytical techniques proposed for the determination of LAC in pharmaceutical dosage forms, in pure form, in biological fluids and to determine characteristics of LAC in modified release dosage forms. Ultra violet/visible spectrophotometric, spectroflourimetric, high performance liquid chromatography, high performance thin layer chromatography, electro-analytical, bioanalytical and miscellaneous methods such as microbiological assay, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, were discussed. Various parameters such as system suitability, selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection, limit of quantification and robustness have been discussed for the employed methods.Ribonucleases (RNases) are essential for almost every aspect of RNA metabolism. However, despite their important metabolic roles, RNases can also be destructive enzymes. As a consequence, cells must carefully regulate the amount, the activity, and the localization of RNases to avoid the inappropriate degradation of essential RNA molecules. In addition, bacterial cells often must adjust RNase levels as environmental situations demand, also requiring careful regulation of these critical enzymes. As the need for strict control of RNases has become more evident, multiple mechanisms for this regulation have been identified and studied, and these are described in this review. The major conclusion that emerges is that no common regulatory mechanism applies to all RNases, or even to a family of RNases; rather, a wide variety of processes have evolved that act on these enzymes, and in some cases, multiple regulatory mechanisms can even act on a single RNase. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 75 is October 2021. Please see http//www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.The Comprehensive Assessment of Psychopathic Personality-Self-Report (CAPP-SR) is a recent operationalization of the CAPP model, which conceptualizes psychopathy in terms of 33 symptoms that can be thematically organized according to six theoretical domains. The current study examined the higher order factor structure of the CAPP-SR symptom scales in community, university, and offender samples derived from three separate countries. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) indicated that a three-factor model (Antagonism/Meanness, Disinhibition, and Fearless Grandiosity) was optimal in a large population-representative U.S. community sample. EFA with targeted rotation confirmed this three-factor structure in New Zealand university and Lithuanian prison samples. Furthermore, construct validity analyses against other psychopathy measures and psychopathy-relevant criteria provided initial support for the three CAPP-SR latent factors. For instance, CAPP-SR Antagonism/Meanness was associated with other psychopathy scales reflective of antagonism, meanness, callous affect; CAPP-SR Disinhibition with other psychopathy scales reflective of behavioral psychopathy traits (e.g., impulsivity, irresponsibility), antisocial behavior, substance abuse; and CAPP-SR Fearless Grandiosity with narcissism, emotional stability, and boldness. These findings suggest that a three-factor structure provides for an alternative (to the traditional thematic domains) hierarchical interpretation of CAPP-SR scores. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Given the substantial investment in the development of mental health mobile applications (apps), information about penetration in the patient populations of interest is critical. This study describes the proportion of veterans who are knowledgeable of and utilize the Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) and Department of Defense (DoD) mental health apps. A cross-sectional survey of 140 veterans was conducted in primary care and outpatient mental health clinics at a large VA facility. Ninety-one percent of veterans (n = 127) reported smartphone ownership. Of these, 42.5% and 20.4% had heard of and used at least one of the 22 VA/DoD mental health apps, respectively. NorNOHA When veterans were asked to pick the individual VA/DoD apps they had previously used from a list, the proportion of participants who reported prior use ranged from 0% (Moving Forward) to 6.5% (Mindfulness Coach). Treatment for psychiatric problems relevant to the apps did not predict veteran knowledge/use of the VA/DoD apps. Rates of app use remained low among veterans reporting symptoms/diagnoses apps were designed to address (e.g., 7.5% of veterans who reported posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) had used PTSD Coach). The most common barrier to app use (endorsed by 65.7% of participants) was awareness of the apps. Expansion of existing VA/DoD efforts to educate patients and providers treating relevant conditions is indicated. Evaluation of evidence-based mobile health support specialists in clinical settings may also be indicated. This study provides critical information to guide future dissemination efforts and to help evaluate the impact of investments to date. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Timely care initiation is a priority within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). Patients with serious mental illnesses (SMI) are a group that benefits from timely care initiation due to elevated risks of negative outcomes with delayed care. However, no evaluation has assessed whether VHA SMI patients disproportionately experience delays in mental health care initiation. VHA administrative care data were used to compare delays in mental health care initiation for VHA patients with and without SMI who had newly identified mental health needs. Analyses assessed rates of delayed initial mental health appointments within five settings (General Mental Health [GMH], Primary Care Mental Health Integration [PC-MHI], Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder [PTSD], Substance Use Disorder [SUD], and Psychosocial Rehabilitation clinics [PSR]). SMI patients were more likely to receive delayed initial appointments in three of five clinical settings (PTSD, SUD, PSR) and had significantly longer average wait times for an initial appointment when referred to the PTSD clinic for an initial appointment. Overall, SMI patients were equally as likely to receive delayed initial appointments. While VHA SMI patients were not more likely to experience delayed mental health care initiation overall, they were more likely to experience delays within three of the five treatment settings. Findings suggest that the majority of VHA SMI patients experience equivalent timeliness, though those with more complex needs, and particularly those with trauma-related care needs, may be more likely to experience treatment initiation delays. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

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