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reer in rheumatology are enjoyment in research, recognition of research rotations for rheumatology training and improved career opportunities. The greatest barriers are considered to be the exemption from clinical duties as well as lack of experience with scientific methods and acquisition of research funding. Therefore, it is important to make potential scientists enthusiastic about the research underlying modern rheumatology and to encourage research during medical school in order to attract young people to academic rheumatology.

Prevention and treatment of pain in pediatric patients compared with adults is often not only inadequate but also less often implemented the younger the children are. Children 0 to 17 years are a vulnerable population.

To address the prevention and treatment of acute and chronic pain in children, including pain caused by needles, with recommended analgesic starting doses.

This Clinical Update elaborates on the 2019 IASP Global Year Against Pain in the Vulnerable "Factsheet Pain in Children Management" and reviews best evidence and practice.

Multimodal analgesia may include pharmacology (eg, basic analgesics, opioids, and adjuvant analgesia), regional anesthesia, rehabilitation, psychological approaches, spirituality, and integrative modalities, which act synergistically for more effective acute pediatric pain control with fewer side effects than any single analgesic or modality. For chronic pain, an interdisciplinary rehabilitative approach, including physical therapy, psychological treatment, integrative mind-body techniques, and normalizing life, has been shown most effective. For elective needle procedures, such as blood draws, intravenous access, injections, or vaccination, overwhelming evidence now mandates that a bundle of 4 modalities to eliminate or decrease pain should be offered to every child every time (1) topical anesthesia, eg, lidocaine 4% cream, (2) comfort positioning, eg, skin-to-skin contact for infants, not restraining children, (3) sucrose or breastfeeding for infants, and (4) age-appropriate distraction. A deferral process (Plan B) may include nitrous gas analgesia and sedation.

Failure to implement evidence-based pain prevention and treatment for children in medical facilities is now considered inadmissible and poor standard of care.

Failure to implement evidence-based pain prevention and treatment for children in medical facilities is now considered inadmissible and poor standard of care.

Hypertension (SBP/DBP > 130/80mmHg) is a leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease worldwide.

To determine the prevalence of hypertension in a homeless community during an interprofessional education (IPE)-based health fair.

Homeless participants were recruited between August 2019-September 2019. Faculty, nursing, and pharmacist students, educated 477 participants, aged 18-80years, on the risk factors associated with untreated hypertension. Then, participants self-completed the consented demographic survey questionnaire. Finally, the sitting blood pressure (BP) was recorded three times based on a standardized procedure, using Omron BPN monitor with cuff.

Seven pharmacy students, nine nursing students, two registered nurses, five registered pharmacists, and two medical doctors collaboratively provided health education to the homeless community and screened their sitting BP. 390/477 (81.8%) of participants satisfied the inclusion criteria. Participants (54.7%) of the reported education level wasalth fairs intervention program for the US homeless population.People in prison are particularly vulnerable to infectious disease due to close living conditions and the lack of protective equipment. As a result, public health professionals and prison administrators seek information to guide best practices and policy recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using latent profile analysis, we sought to characterize Texas prisons on levels of COVID-19 cases and deaths among incarcerated residents, and COVID-19 cases among prison staff. This observational study was a secondary data analysis of publicly available data from the Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TBDJ) collected from March 1, 2020, until July 24, 2020. This project was completed in collaboration with the COVID Prison Project. We identified relevant profiles from the data a low-outbreak profile, a high-outbreak profile, and a high-death profile. Additionally, current prison population and level of employee staffing predicted membership in the high-outbreak and high-death profiles when compared with the low-outbreak profile. Housing persons at 85% of prison capacity was associated with lower risk of COVID-19 infection and death. Implementing this 85% standard as an absolute minimum should be prioritized at prisons across the USA.

In Germany, postmortem organ donation requires adiagnosis of irreversible brain death (BD) in strict compliance with the guidelines of the German Medical Association.

Identification of factors that have alimiting effect on the initiation and execution of BD diagnostics. Identification of potential for improvement.

Anonymous survey of transplantation officials in hospitals in Berlin, Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania.

There is considerable heterogeneity with respect to the frequency of BD diagnostics and hospital-specific procedures, including the use of an existing consultation service. The local availability of qualified doctors and of suitable ancillary diagnostic tests has astructurally limiting effect. This is especially true for pediatric patients. Potential for improvement was seen in the identification of affected patients, the motivation of staff and the role of transplantation officials.

According to the recently amended German Transplantation Act, acentrally organized consultation to neurological and neurosurgical expertise, qualified pediatricians and mobile ancillary instrumental diagnostics should also be provided. Expert advice from neurointensive care physicians should be available at an early stage in order to identify potentially affected patients. The highly variable participation of hospitals in organ donation, despite the availability of an expert diagnostic service free of charge, points to an important role of additional factors, some of which may be nonmedical in nature.Gender incongruence (GI) is defined as a condition in which the gender identity of a person does not align with the gender assigned at birth. Awareness and more social acceptance have paved the way for early medical intervention about two decades ago and are now part of good clinical practice although much robust data is lacking. Medical and mental treatment in adolescents with GI is complex and is recommended to take place within a team of mental health professionals, psychiatrists, endocrinologists, and other healthcare providers. The somatic treatment generally consists of the use of GnRH analogues to prevent the progression of biological puberty and subsequently gender-affirming hormonal treatment to develop sex characteristics of the self-identified gender and surgical procedures. However to optimize treatment regimens, long-term follow-up and additional studies are still needed. What is known • The prevalence of gender dysphoria increased significantly in the past years and can lead to significant complaints and burdens especially during puberty. • Pubertal suppression and gender-affirmed treatment can be effectively used in adolescence with gender dysphoria. What is new • Transgender mental and medical healthcare is a long-lasting process during which not only the child/adolescent with GI but also their parents/family have to be counseled in making choices about their social, medical, and legal transitions. • There are an increasing number of transgender persons defining as nonbinary. Therefore, an individualized approach by an experienced team is necessary.A systematic survey of the symptoms of back pain in terms of the triggering event and onset, nature of the pain and the extent to which pain dynamics can be influenced (lying or standing, under stress, nocturnal pain, localized percussion tenderness, B symptoms, etc.), as well as a structured clinical examination (segment height, radiance, projection, reflex status, sensitivity, and motor function), allows an initial and therefore orienting classification of back pain as non-specific or specific. Thus, in the primary care setting, many patients can be treated extremely effectively and economically from a cost perspective. Capivasertib supplier The more precise the initial findings are, the more effective the measures taken are in general. In addition to the fastest possible pain relief, it is important to prevent the disease taking an unfavorable course and to avoid chronicity. In addition to non-pharmacological measures (initial rest and starting home exercises early on, promoting everyday mobility, physiotherapy, manual therapy, etc.), a wide range of pharmacological treatment alternatives is available. In the further course of treatment, it may be necessary to consult medical specialists in the fields of radiology, orthopedics, neurology, neurosurgery, rheumatology, psychotherapy, and psychiatry, among others. Treatment is managed by the primary care provider, who should also receive and re-evaluate all findings during the course of the disease.Metastatic fat necrosis due to inflammatory or neoplastic pancreatic diseases is rare. This phenomenon is attributed to systemic effects of pancreatic enzymes. Depending on the sites of fat necrosis, a number of different diseases may be mimicked, leading to incorrect diagnosis and therapies. Many case reports describe the phenomenon of skin, joint and bone manifestations of fat necrosis under the acronym PPP (pancreatic, panniculits, polyarthritis) syndrome. The management of "autodigestion" primarily consists of treating the underlying pancreatic disease.

Only afew but conflicting results have been reported on the association between malocclusions and caries. We investigated this association using data from the population-based cross-sectional Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP).

Sagittal, vertical and transversal intermaxillary relationship, space conditions and sociodemographic parameters of 1210 dentate subjects (median age 30years, interquartile range 25-35years) were collected. Caries was assessed with the Decayed-Missing-Filled Surfaces index but analyzed as ordered outcome (four levels sound, enamel caries, caries, tooth loss) in ordinal multilevel models, taking into account subject, jaw, and tooth level simultaneously.

Anterior open bite ≤3 mm (odds ratio [OR] = 2.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.19-3.61), increased sagittal overjet of 4-6 mm (OR = 1.31, CI 1.05-1.64), distal occlusion of ½ premolar width (OR = 1.27, CI 1.05-1.53) and distal 1premolar width (OR = 1.31, CI 1.06-1.63) were associated with adjusted increased odds for ahigher outcclusion variables. Distal occlusion (OR = 1.31, CI 1.06-1.63) and related skeletal anomalies displayed positive associations with caries whereas crowding did not. Orthodontic treatment of anterior crowding would probably not interfere with caries experience. These aspects should be considered for patient information and in treatment decisions.