Watkinsmcclure2956

Theta is an extensively studied oscillation of the nervous system, but there is only a paucity of reviews on the subject. A review of specifically the cognitive-affective correlates of the theta oscillation is currently unavailable. The present review aims to fill this gap. This review shows that theta-based hippocampal binding brings together the environmentally triggered multimodal elements of episodes or scenes, make multimodal sensory/perceptual and motor processing, facilitatory and inhibitory attention, navigation and episodic memory possible. Hippocampus is centrally located in a selectively distributed theta network. The association between different sources of information and between oscillations of different frequency bands, the connectivity in the theta network and coherences between selected brain areas contribute to the synchrony and hypersynchrony in the human brain. The densely associated pool of information that are represented by the theta oscillation travel over this densely interconnected, and highly synchronized hippocampal-cortical system. In this network, the theta-based cortico-hippocampal interplay produces many cognitive-affective processes, chief one being memory with its encoding, consolidation and retrieval stages. The present review does not make a comparative evaluation of the theta over the evolutionary spectrum; it is focused on the hippocampal-cortical system, and does not consider the subcortical and brain stem structures of the theta network; and among the many different types of memory, treats specifically the episodic memory. Future theta reviews may choose to also treat these issues. Providing a concise exposition of the currently available empirical findings and theoretical formulations, this state-of-the art that review may stimulate research, make new conclusions available, and lead to creative syntheses, allowing a detailed understanding of the contribution of the theta oscillation to the whole-brain work and to the human mind.Publishing has always been a part of academic tradition and there is increasing pressure on faculty to publish, even those who carry heavy teaching loads. This article, based on a presentation at the IUBMB 2019 Education Conference session on Publishing in Education, contains suggestions on how to conduct educational research with an eye toward publishing your findings.In this primer, Cheng et al. outline what we know about the nature and control of differentiation of germline versus somatic nuclei in two groups of protozoa the Ciliates and Foraminifera. This is shown to involve a remarkable variety of developmentally programmed phenomena such as genome editing mediated epigenetically by RNA, as well differential nuclear import.Beneficial mutations are rare and deleterious mutations are purged by natural selection. As a result, the vast majority of mutations that accumulate in genomes belong to the class of neutral mutations. Over the last two decades, neutral mutations, despite their null effect on fitness, have been shown to affect evolvability by providing access to new phenotypes through subsequent mutations that would not have been available otherwise. Here we propose that in addition, many mutations - independent of their selective effects - can affect the mutability of neighboring DNA sequences and modulate the efficacy of homologous recombination. Such mutations do not change the spectrum of accessible phenotypes, but rather the rate at which new phenotypes will be produced. Therefore, neutral mutations that accumulate in genomes have an important long-term impact on the evolutionary fate of genomes.Although it is generally assumed females have a language advantage over males, Oller et al., studying all-day recordings of 100 infants, found that boys in the first year of life produced more speech-like vocalizations than girls and that the effect size was more than four times larger than the commonly reported female language advantage.In recent years, our perspective on the cell nucleus has evolved from the view that it is a passive but permeable storage organelle housing the cell's genetic material to an understanding that it is in fact a highly organized, integrative, and dynamic regulatory hub. In particular, the subcompartment at the nuclear periphery, comprising the nuclear envelope and the underlying lamina, is now known to be a critical nexus in the regulation of chromatin organization, transcriptional output, biochemical and mechanosignaling pathways, and, more recently, cytoskeletal organization. We review the various functional roles of the nuclear periphery and their deregulation in diseases of the nuclear envelope, specifically the laminopathies, which, despite their rarity, provide insights into contemporary health-care issues. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, Volume 21 is August 31, 2020. Please see http//www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.Progressive hemifacial atrophyor Parry-Romberg syndromeis a rare disease, classified as one of the forms of localized morphea or scleroderma. Its cause is unknown. It is characterized by atrophy of the skin, fat, muscles and underlying osteocartilaginous structures that usually affects the face and neck unilaterally, and is associated with neurological symptoms (secondary epilepsy) and involvement of other organs and systems. Its course is slow and progressive and begins in the first two decades of life. Predilection for female sex has been observed. We report the case of a 10-year-old girl diagnosed at the Hipólito Unánue Hospital in Tacna, Peru. Knowledge of this condition is important in the differential diagnosis of localized morpheas or scleroderma.Stomatal aperture is tightly regulated in order to achieve the best compromise between gas exchange and water conservation. Steady-state (basal) stomatal aperture is therefore understandably a key component in plant fitness. It has been shown previously in tomato that DELLA proteins act as positive regulators of closure of stomata, and their action is enhanced by the hormone ABA, which is itself important in mediating drought stress tolerance. DELLAs are regulated by a variety of signals which promote plant growth, most notably the hormones gibberellins, which have been shown to promote stomatal opening. We have found that DELLA proteins are also used in Arabidopsis for regulating basal stomatal aperture. We also discovered that the perception of endogenous gibberellins via the GID1 receptors is necessary for optimal basal stomatal aperture.Three new and complementary approaches to S-arylation of 2-thiohydantoins have been developed copper-catalyzed cross coupling with either arylboronic acids or aryl iodides under mild conditions, or direct nucleophilic substitution in activated aryl halides. For 38 diverse compounds, reaction yields for all three methods have been determined. Selected by molecular docking, they have been tested on androgen receptor activation, and p53-Mdm2 regulation, and A549, MCF7, VA13, HEK293T, PC3, LnCAP cell lines for cytotoxicity, Two of them turned out to be promising as androgen receptor activators (likely by allosteric regulation), and another one is shown to activate the p53 cascade. It is hoped that 2-thiohydantoin S-arylidenes are worth further studies as biologically active compounds.It is generally well accepted that eukaryotes evolved from the symbiosis of an archaeal host cell and an alphaproteobacterium, a union that ultimately gave rise to the complex, eukaryotic cells we see today. However, the catalyst of this merger, the exact nature of the cellular biology of either partner, or how this event spawned the vast majority of complex life on Earth remains enigmatic. In recent years, the discovery of the Asgard archaea, the closest known prokaryotic relatives of eukaryotes, has been monumental for addressing these unanswered questions. These prokaryotes seem to encode an unprecedented number of genes related to features typically descriptive of eukaryotes, including intracellular trafficking, vesicular transport and a dynamic actin-based cytoskeleton. Collectively, these features imply that the Asgard archaea have the potential for cellular complexity previously thought to be unique to eukaryotes. Here, we review the most recent advances in our understanding of the archaeal cytoskeleton and its implications for determining the origin of eukaryotic cellular complexity.Quantification of intratumoural heterogeneity is essential for designing effective therapeutic strategies in the age of personalized medicine. In this study, we used a piezoelectric inkjet printer to enable analysis of intratumoral heterogeneity in a bladder cancer for the first time. Patient derived tumor organoids were dissociated into single cell suspension and used as a bioink. The individual cells were precisely allocated into a microwell plate by drop-on-demand inkjet-printing without any additive or treatment, followed by culturing into organoids for further analysis. Devimistat in vitro The sizes and morphologies of the organoids were observed, so as the expression of proliferation and apoptotic markers. The tumor organoids also showed heterogeneous responses against chemotherapeutic agent. Further, we quantified mRNA expression levels of representative luminal and basal genes in both type of tumor organoids. These results verify the heterogeneous expression of various genes among individual organoids. This study demonstrates that the fully automated bioprinting technique can be used as an effective tool to sort cells for evaluating intratumoral heterogeneity.Alcohol has a direct effect on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. We studied how alcohol is related to common (e.g. nose bleeding) as well as life-threatening (e.g. hemorrhagic stroke) bleeding events requiring hospital care in the general population. We used data from The Copenhagen City Heart Study 1991 to 1994 and 2001 to 2003. Baseline information on alcohol consumption and potential confounders was obtained by questionnaires and participants were followed for incident bleeding events with nationwide registers until 2013. Among the 10,259 included participants, we observed 366 nose or other respiratory organ bleeding events, 149 hemorrhagic stroke events, 470 gastrointestinal bleeding events, 266 unspecified bleeding events, and 1088 any bleeding events (composite endpoint) during follow-up. Compared to drinkers of 1-6 drinks per week, those drinking ≥35 drinks per week had a higher risk of hemorrhagic stroke [hazard ratio, 2.27 (1.14 - 4.55)] and non-variceal gastrointestinal bleeding [hazard ratio 2.04 (1.37 - 3.05)], whereas non-drinkers and drinkers of 7-13, 14-20, 21-27, and 28-34 had not. Alcohol consumption was not associated with risk of nose or other respiratory organ bleeding or unspecified bleeding. For non-drinkers and drinkers of 7-13, 14-20, 21-27, 28-34, and 35 drinks or more per week, hazard ratios for the composite endpoint of any bleeding were 1.17 (95%CI 0.99 - 1.37), 0.97 (95%CI 0.81 - 1.15), 1.00 (95%CI 0.80 - 1.26), 0.93 (95%CI 0.69 - 1.25), 1.39 (95%CI 1.00 - 1.94), and 1.83 (95%CI 1.39 - 2.41) compared to drinkers of 1-6 drinks per week. In conclusion, drinking 35 drinks per week or more may be associated with a higher risk of hemorrhagic stroke and non-variceal gastrointestinal bleeding in the general population.