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Several previous studies have shown that mutations in B-Raf proto-oncogene (BRAF) and telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) can be used for the diagnosis and prognosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). However, whether mutations in BRAF and the TERT promoter may improve the accurate identification and risk stratification of high-risk patients in the early stage of PTC remains unclear and requires further investigation. In the present study, mutations in BRAF and the TERT promoter were examined in 205 patients using PCR and Sanger DNA sequencing. The potential association between mutations in these two genes and the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with PTC was then analyzed. BRAF mutations were identified in 169/205 (82.4%) patients, whereas only 8/205 (3.9%) patients presented mutations in the TERT promoter, seven patients exhibited a C228T mutation, and the remaining one had a C250T mutation. There were 6/205 (2.9%) patients with mutations in both BRAF and the TERT promoter. Importantlyp the accurate identification and management of high-risk patients with recurrent or distant metastasis.Expression and clinical significance of micro-RNA-21, PTEN and p27 in cancer tissue of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were investigated. In this study, cancer tissue and adjacent tissue specimens from 230 patients with NSCLC were collected from thoracic surgery department in Hubei Cancer Hospital from March 2010 to February 2016. The expression of miRNA-21, PTEN and p27 in cancer tissue and adjacent tissue of patients with NSCLC was detected by RT-PCR. Combined with clinical information, the correlation among miRNA-21, PTEN, p27 and clinical features of NSCLC was analyzed. The expression of miRNA-21, PTEN, p27 in NSCLC was significantly lower than that in adjacent tissue by RT-PCR (P0.050), but there were differences in smoking, lymph node metastasis, TNM stage and differentiation degree classification (P less then 0.050). By comparing the 3-year survival rate in the group with high and low expression of miRNA-21, PTEN and p27, it was found that the 36-month survival rate of patients with high expression of miRNA-21 was 85.19% (P less then 0.05), and of patients with low expression of miRNA-21 it was 95.90% (P less then 0.05). The 36-month survival rate of patients with high expression of PTEN was 85.59% (P less then 0.05), of patients with low expression of PTEN it was 94.96% (P less then 0.05) and in patients with high expression of p27 it was 84.91% (P less then 0.05). The 36-month survival rate of patients with low expression of p27 was 94.35% (P less then 0.05). The survival rates of miRNA-21, PTEN and p27 low expression groups were significantly higher than those of high expression groups (P less then 0.05). In conclusion, the expression of miRNA-21, PTEN and p271 in cancer tissue of NSCLC patients was low. The three indexes have good diagnostic efficacy based on ROC curve analysis, and are expected to be excellent indexes for early clinical diagnosis and prognosis of NSCLC.Gastric cancer is one of the most common types of cancer; notably, gastric cancer is one of the top five malignancies with regards to incidence and mortality rates. The symptoms of early gastric cancer are not typical, exhibiting only slight upper abdominal discomfort. When the symptoms become more obvious, the lesion has usually progressed to an advanced stage. Notably, >90% of inpatients already have locally advanced or metastatic gastric cancer at the time of initial diagnosis, with limited treatment options for advanced gastric cancer. mTOR target These options include chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). With regards to ICIs, the clinical benefit of monotherapy for advanced gastric cancer is limited; however, combinations of ICIs and other therapies may have clinical benefit. Relevant clinical studies have demonstrated that combinations of ICIs with chemotherapy, anti-vascular targeted therapy or other molecular targeted therapies, and the use of two ICIs, improve outcomes for patients with advanced gastric cancer. This article is a review of progress in the use of ICIs in combination with other therapies for the treatment of gastric cancer. The purpose of this article was to advance gastric cancer immunotherapy and to improve the overall therapeutic benefit for patients with advanced gastric cancer.In recent years, the incidence of liver cancer has increased and is currently the sixth most common tumor and the second leading cause of cancer-associated mortality worldwide. Most cases of liver cancer are hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Surgery, including liver transplantation or resection, and radiofrequency ablation therapies are all considered to be the curative treatment options for early-stage HCC. However, most patients have advanced HCC at the time of diagnosis, contributing to a poor prognosis. Therefore, improved treatment for late-stage HCC is needed. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), among which programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1)/PD-ligand 1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 are the representative immunological checkpoints, have shown great promise and progress for HCC treatment. The present review summarizes recent studies that have focused on ICIs and discusses the present limitations affecting the development of new therapeutic strategies.Gallbladder cancer is the most common biliary tract malignant tumor, with unfavorable patient outcomes. The present study aimed to identify potential diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers for gallbladder cancer. To do so, differentially expressed genes in the gallbladder walls and tumor tissues of patients with gallbladder cancer were analyzed via microarray. Furthermore, a protein-protein interaction network was constructed and genes with a degree score >10 were selected as hub genes. As ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2T (UBE2T) was considered to be a hub gene, its expression was assessed via reverse transcription-quantitative (RT-q)PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC). In addition, the association between UBE2T expression and the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with gallbladder cancer was analyzed using the χ2 test. Furthermore, all patients were divided into high- and low groups based on UBE2T expression level and overall survival analysis was performed. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to determine whether UBE2T may serve as an independent risk factor for gallbladder cancer.