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Finally, the reaction paths for the NOx and HONO production are proposed. This work helps to better understand the implication of microbial surfaces as a new indoor source for HONO emission.A 65-year-old female with severe mitral regurgitation presenting for mitral valve replacement was found to have a previously undiagnosed aberrant papillary muscle with thickened chordae tendineae inserting into the basal septum during intra-operative TEE. Despite its anatomic location, there was no evidence that the aberrant papillary muscle was contributing to the mitral regurgitation or causing left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction. The aberrant papillary muscle was resected during the operation and the patient was separated from cardiopulmonary bypass without complications.Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality across the world and a significant portion of ischemic strokes have a cardiac source. We report a case of a 55-year-old male who presented with an ischemic stroke and bilateral pulmonary emboli secondary to an intra-cardiac thrombus straddling a patent foramen ovale, which was clearly seen using transesophageal echocardiography. We discuss the management dilemma associated with this clinical picture given the risk of hemorrhagic transformation in the acute phase of an ischemic stroke. Our case demonstrates the need for a multidisciplinary approach in an area of medicine that lacks clear guidelines.Recent discoveries of exotic physical phenomena, such as unconventional superconductivity in magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene, dissipationless Dirac fermions in topological insulators, and quantum spin liquids, have triggered tremendous interest in quantum materials. The macroscopic revelation of quantum mechanical effects in quantum materials is associated with strong electron-electron correlations in the lattice, particularly where materials have reduced dimensionality. Owing to the strong correlations and confined geometry, altering atomic spacing and crystal symmetry via strain has emerged as an effective and versatile pathway for perturbing the subtle equilibrium of quantum states. This review highlights recent advances in strain-tunable quantum phenomena and functionalities, with particular focus on low-dimensional quantum materials. Experimental strategies for strain engineering are first discussed in terms of heterogeneity and elastic reconfigurability of strain distribution. The nontrivial quantum properties of several strain-quantum coupled platforms, including 2D van der Waals materials and heterostructures, topological insulators, superconducting oxides, and metal halide perovskites, are next outlined, with current challenges and future opportunities in quantum straintronics followed. Overall, strain engineering of quantum phenomena and functionalities is a rich field for fundamental research of many-body interactions and holds substantial promise for next-generation electronics capable of ultrafast, dissipationless, and secure information processing and communications.

Biologically interesting signals can exhibit fast transverse relaxation and frequency shifts compared to free water. For spectral assignment, a ultra-short echo time (UTE) imaging sequence was modified to provide pixel-wise free-induction decay (FID) acquisition.

The UTE-FID approach presented relies on a multi-echo 3D spiral UTE sequence with six echoes per radiofrequency (RF) excitation (TE

0.05ms, echo spacing 3ms). A complex pixel-wise raw data set for FID spectroscopy is obtained by several multi-echo UTE measurements with systematic shifting of the readout by 0.25 or 0.5ms, until the time domain is filled for 18 or 45ms. B

drifts are compensated by mapping and according phase correction. Autoregressive extrapolation of the signal is performed before Gaussian filtering. This method was applied to a phantom containing collagen-water solutions of different concentrations. To calculate the collagen content, a 19-peak collagen model was extracted from a non-selective FID spectrum (50% collagen solutiaying signals seem feasible.

The performance of pulse sequences in vivo can be limited by fast relaxation rates, magnetic field inhomogeneity, and nonuniform spin excitation. We describe here a method for pulse sequence optimization that uses a stochastic numerical solver that in principle is capable of finding a global optimum. The method provides a simple framework for incorporating any constraint and implementing arbitrarily complex cost functions. Efficient methods for simulating spin dynamics and incorporating frequency selectivity are also described.

Optimized pulse sequences for polarization transfer between protons and X-nuclei and excitation pulses that eliminate J-coupling modulation were evaluated experimentally using a surface coil on phantoms, and also the detection of hyperpolarized [2-

C]lactate in vivo in the case of J-coupling modulation-free excitation.

The optimized polarization transfer pulses improved the SNR by ~50% with a more than twofold reduction in the B

field, and J-coupling modulation-free excitation was achieved with a more than threefold reduction in pulse length.

This process could be used to optimize any pulse when there is a need to improve the uniformity and frequency selectivity of excitation as well as to design new pulses to steer the spin system to any desired achievable state.

This process could be used to optimize any pulse when there is a need to improve the uniformity and frequency selectivity of excitation as well as to design new pulses to steer the spin system to any desired achievable state.Azathioprine (AZA) is the preferred immunosuppressant for treating pemphigus vulgaris (PV), with discontinuation mainly attributed to hematological adverse events (AE). Reportedly, nucleoside diphosphate-linked moiety X-type motif 15 (NUDT15) polymorphisms have been strongly associated with thiopurine-induced leukopenia. To investigate hematological AE of low-dose AZA based on NUDT15 genotypes among patients with PV, a prospective cohort study was conducted in patients with PV, followed-up for the first 8 weeks after AZA administration. All patients were divided into wild homozygous and heterozygous NUDT15 groups. Both groups initiated AZA at low dose (50 mg/day) and continued with different dose-escalating approaches. Bone marrow suppression was considered the principal outcome. Overall, 62 patients with PV were enrolled (48 in the wild homozygous NUDT15 group vs. 14 in the heterozygous NUDT15 group). Except for median maintenance doses of AZA, no statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of age, sex, white blood cells, neutrophil count, platelet count, hemoglobin level, median final doses of corticosteroids (mg prednisone equivalent), pemphigus disease area index, and anti-desmoglein 1/3 autoantibodies. In both groups, patients presented similar hematological AE and treatment responses after administration of different low-dose AZA treatment strategies. Low-dose AZA based on NUDT15 genotypes can reduce the risk of early hematological AE among patients with PV.

To assess errors associated with EPI-accelerated intracardiac 4D flow MRI (4DEPI) with EPI factor 5, compared with non-EPI gradient echo (4DGRE).

Three 3T MRI experiments were performed comparing 4DEPI to 4DGRE steady flow through straight tubes, pulsatile flow in a left-ventricle phantom, and intracardiac flow in 10 healthy volunteers. For each experiment, 4DEPI was repeated with readout and blip phase-encoding gradient in different orientations, parallel or perpendicular to the flow direction. In vitro flow rates were compared with timed volumetric collection. In the left-ventricle phantom and in vivo, voxel-based speed and spatio-temporal median speed were compared between sequences, as well as mitral and aortic transvalvular net forward volume.

In steady-flow phantoms, the flow rate error was largest (12%) for high velocity (>2 m/s) with 4DEPI readout gradient parallel to the flow. Voxel-based speed and median speed in the left-ventricle phantom were ≤5.5% different between sequences. In vivo, mean net forward volume inconsistency was largest (6.4 ± 8.5%) for 4DEPI with nonblip phase-encoding gradient parallel to the main flow. The difference in median speed for 4DEPI versus 4DGRE was largest (9%) when the 4DEPI readout gradient was parallel to the flow.

Velocity and flow rate are inaccurate for 4DEPI with EPI factor 5 when flow is parallel to the readout or blip phase-encoding gradient. However, mean differences in flow rate, voxel-based speed, and spatio-temporal median speed were acceptable (≤10%) when comparing 4DEPI to 4DGRE for intracardiac flow in healthy volunteers.

Velocity and flow rate are inaccurate for 4DEPI with EPI factor 5 when flow is parallel to the readout or blip phase-encoding gradient. However, mean differences in flow rate, voxel-based speed, and spatio-temporal median speed were acceptable (≤10%) when comparing 4DEPI to 4DGRE for intracardiac flow in healthy volunteers.

Phase-contrast MRI (PC-MRI) of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) velocity is used to evaluate the characteristics of intracranial diseases, such as normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). Nevertheless, PC-MRI has several potential error sources, with eddy-current-based phase offset error being non-negligible in CSF measurement. In this study, we assess the measurement error of CSF velocity maps obtained using 4D flow MRI and evaluate correction methods.

CSF velocity maps of 10 patients with NPH were acquired using 4D flow MRI (velocity-encoding = 5 cm/s). Distributed phase offset error was estimated for a whole 3D background field by polynomial fitting using robust regression analysis. This estimated phase offset error was then used to correct the CSF velocity maps. The estimated error profiles were compared with those obtained using an existing 2D correction approach involving local background information near the region of interest.

The residual standard error of the polynomial fitting against the phase offset error extracted from the measured velocities was within 0.2 cm/s. The spatial dependencies of the phase offset errors showed similar tendencies in all cases, but sufficient differences in these values were found to indicate requirement of velocity correction. see more Differences of the estimated errors among other correction approaches were in the order of 10

cm/s, and the estimated errors were in good agreement with those obtained using existing approaches.

Our method is capable of estimating the measurement error of CSF velocity maps obtained from 4D flow MRI and provides quantitatively reasonable characteristics for the main CSF profile in the cerebral aqueduct in patients with NPH.

Our method is capable of estimating the measurement error of CSF velocity maps obtained from 4D flow MRI and provides quantitatively reasonable characteristics for the main CSF profile in the cerebral aqueduct in patients with NPH.

In critically ill patients, transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) remains the leading cause of transfusion-related fatalities in critical care settings and is associated with inflammation and oxidative stress state. Recent research raised the potential efficacy of high-dose intravenous ascorbic acid (VC) in critically ill patients.

The aim of this trial was to investigate the effect of high-dose intravenous VC as a targeted therapy for TRALI in terms of serum proinflammatory (interleukin [IL]-8, IL-1β, C-reactive protein), anti-inflammatory (IL-10), oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde) markers, and plasma VC levels. Secondary outcomes were oxygenation (PaO

/FiO

ratio), vasopressor use, duration of mechanical ventilation, ICU length of stay, 7-day mortality and 28-day mortality.

Eighty critically ill patients with TRALI (n = 80) were randomized to receive 2.5 g/6h intravenous vitamin C for 96 hours (ASTRALI group) or placebo. Patients were followed up to measure the outcomes initially (T0) and at the end of treatment (T96).