Wangmiddleton0279

Moreover, the higher values of BOD28 were recorded when mixtures of bacteria were added together with the saponin solution or oily wastewaters. Furthermore, the average values of UBOD for the oily wastewater with RM or with amendment substance were increased by about 33.5% and 49.5%, respectively. However, BOD 28 /COD ratios for all the selected have been found to be less than 0.4, indicating low aerobic degradability.Sedimentation in storm sewers strongly depends on velocity at limit of deposition. This study provides application of a novel stochastic-based model to predict the densimetric Froude number in sewer pipes. In this way, the generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) is used to develop two parametric equations, called GLUE-based four-parameter and GLUE-based two-parameter (GBTP) models to enhance the prediction accuracy of the velocity at the limit of deposition. A number of performance indices are calculated in training and testing phases to compare the developed models with the conventional regression-based equations available in the literature. Based on the obtained performance indices and some graphical techniques, the research findings confirm that a significant enhancement in prediction performance is achieved through the proposed GBTP compared with the previously developed formulas in the literature. To make a quantified comparison between the established and literature models, an index, called improvement index (IM), is computed. This index is a resultant of all the selected indices, and this indicator demonstrates that GBTP is capable of providing the most performance improvement in both training (IMtrain = 9.2%) and testing (IMtrain = 11.3%) phases, comparing with a well-known formula in this context.Nano particles of ZrO2 of average size 10.91 nm are successfully synthesized via green routes from a solvent blend of water and ethylene glycol (41 v/v). Bio-extract of seeds of Sapindus plant is employed as stabilizing and/or capping agent and homogeneous method of precipitation is adopted to generate the precipitating agent. The nZrO2 particles are immobilized in aluminum alginate beads (nZrO2-Al- alig). Nano-ZrO2 and beads are investigated as adsorbents for the extraction of phosphate from water. The controlling physicochemical parameters are studied for the maximum phosphate removal using simulate water. The optimum conditions are pH 7; sorbent dosage 0.1 g/100 mL for nZrO2 and 0.08 g/100 mL for beads; equilibration time 30 min.for nZrO2 and 35 min for beads; initial phosphate concentration 50 mg/L; temperature 30 ± 1 °C; 300 rpm. The adsorption capacities are 126.2 mg/g for nZrO2 and 173.0 mg/g for 'nZrO2-Al- alig' and they are higher than many reported in literature. The beads, besides facilitating the easy filtration, are exhibiting enhanced cumulative phosphate-adsorption nature of nanoZrO2 and Al-alginate. MSAB beta-catenin inhibitor X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) investigations are employed in characterizing the adsorbents. Of the various isotherm models analyzed to assess the nature of adsorption, Freundlich model provides the best correlation (R2 = 0.99 for nZrO2 and R2 = 0.99 for 'nZrO2-Al-alig'), indicating the heterogeneous and multi-layered adsorption process. Thermodynamic studies reveal the endothermic and spontaneous nature of sorption. Pseudo-second-order model of kinetics describes the adsorption well. Spent adsorbents can be regenerated with marginal loss of adsorption capacity until five cycles. The sorbents are successfully applied to remove phosphate from polluted lake water samples.Surrogate measurements based on excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectra (EEMs) and ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra (UV-vis) were used to monitor the evolution of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in landfill leachate during a combination of biological and physical-chemical treatment consisting of partial nitritation-anammox (PN-Anammox) or nitrification-denitrification (N-DN) combined with granular active carbon adsorption (GAC). PN-Anammox resulted in higher nitrogen removal (81%), whereas N-DN required addition of an external carbon source to increase nitrogen removal from 24% to 56%. Four DOM components (C1 to C4) were identified by excitation-emission matrix-parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC). N-DN showed a greater ability to remove humic-like components (C1 and C3), while the protein-like component (C4) was better removed by PN-Anammox. Both biological treatment processes showed limited removal of the medium molecular humic-like component (C2). In addition, the synergistic effect of biological treatments and adsorption was studied. The combination of PN-Anammox and GAC adsorption could remove C4 completely and also showed a good removal efficiency for C1 and C2. The Thomas model of adsorption revealed that GAC had the maximum adsorption capacity for PN-Anammox treated leachate. This study demonstrated better removal of nitrogen and fluorescence DOM by a combination of PN-Anammox and GAC adsorption, and provides practical and technical support for improved landfill leachate treatment.In this paper, the effectiveness of the composite photocatalyst was studied by using manganese dioxide (MnO2)/zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) to degrade diesel pollutants in seawater under visible light.The MnO2/ZrO2 photocatalyst was prepared by co-precipitation and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, energy-dispersive spectroscopy and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy analysis. This is the first report on a comprehensive analytical study on the effect of various physio-chemical parameters on diesel degradation using the synthesized MnO2/ZrO2 photocatalysts. The effects of doping ratio of MnO2/ZrO2, dosage, initial diesel concentration, calcination temperature, concentration of H2O2 solutions and illumination time on the diesel degradation were investigated. The degradation of diesel pollution in seawater was optimized by orthogonal experiment. According to the results, the prepared samples were monoclinic form and the MnO2 was successfully doped into the bulk ZrO2. The absorption edge of the MnO2/ZrO2 photocatalysts exhibited red shift, and this red shifts imply enhanced photon absorption under visible light compared with the pure ZrO2. The results showed that under optimum reaction conditions, the degradation rate can reach 92.92%. The result of this study will enable ZrO2 to make more effective use of sunlight and improve the actual value of photocatalytic technology in the field of contaminant treatment.Bioleaching, a technologically and economically feasible technology, is considered as the high efficiency method to improve dewaterability in sewage sludge. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different sludge concentrations on bioleaching dewaterability and understand the mechanism of the effect of bioleaching on sludge dewaterability. Variation in pH, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), capillary suction time (CST), specific resistance to filtration (SRF) and different fractions of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) including slime EPS (S-EPS), loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS), and tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS) were determined. Different sludge concentrations (5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 g·L-1) were selected to investigate during bioleaching. Results indicated that sludge buffering capacity significantly inhibited bioleaching efficiency as sludge concentrations increased. Optimum enhancements in sludge dewaterability were observed during the 10 g·L-1 sludge concentration treatment, and reached a maximum when the pH was 2.11. The variation of different fractions of EPS revealed that the ratio of S-EPS/TB-EPS significantly affected sludge dewaterability. Principal component analysis and Pearson's correlation analysis both provided evidence that the higher TB-EPS followed by a very large reduction was positively correlated with sludge dewaterability. However, the increase of protein and DNA in S-EPS content was negatively correlated with sludge dewaterability.Iron (Fe), zirconium (Zr) and titanium (Ti) oxides nanoparticles were each embedded onto a weak acid chelating resin for support using the precipitation method to generate three hybrid adsorbents of hydrated Fe oxide (HFO-P), hydrated Zr oxide (HZO-P) and hydrated Ti oxide (HTO-P). This paper reports on the characterization, performance and potential of these generated nanoadsorbents in the removal of toxic metal ions from acid mine drainage (AMD). The optimum contact time, adsorbent dose and pH for aluminium (Al) (III) adsorption were established using the batch equilibrium technique. The metal levels were measured using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. The scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy results confirmed the presence of the metal oxides within the hybrid resin beads. HFO-P, HZO-P and HTO-P adsorbed Al(III) rapidly from synthetic water with maximum adsorption capacities of 54.04, 58.36 and 40.10 mg/g, respectively, at initial pH 1.80 ± 0.02. The adsorption of Al(III) is of the second-order in nature (R2 > 0.98). The nanosorbents removed ten selected metals from environmental AMD and the metal removal efficiency was in the order HTO-P > HZO-P > HFO-P. All three hybrid nanosorbents can be used to remove metals from AMD; the choice would be dependent on the pH of the water to be treated.In environmental biotechnology applications for wastewater treatment, bacterial-based bioprocesses are mostly implemented; on the contrary, the application of fungal-based bioprocesses, is still challenging under non-sterile conditions. In a previous laboratory-scale study, we showed that when specific tannins are used as the sole carbon source, fungi can play a key role in the microbial community, under non-sterile conditions and in the long term. In a previous study, an engineered ecosystem, based on fungal tannin biodegradation, was successfully tested in a laboratory-scale bioreactor under non-sterile conditions. In the present study, a kinetic and stoichiometric characterisation of the biomass developed therein was performed through the application of respirometric techniques applied to the biomass collected from the above-mentioned reactor. To this aim, a respirometric set-up was specifically adapted to obtain valuable information from tannin-degrading fungal biofilms. A mathematical model was also developed and applied to describe both the respirometric profiles and the experimental data collected from the laboratory-scale tests performed in the bioreactor. The microbial growth was described through a Monod-type kinetic equation as a first approach. Substrate inhibition, decay rate and tannin hydrolysis process were included to better describe the behaviour of immobilised biomass selected in the tannin-degrading bioreactor. The model was implemented in AQUASIM using the specific tool Biofilm Compartment to simulate the attached fungal biofilm. Biofilm features and transport parameters were either measured or assumed from the literature. Key kinetic and stoichiometric unknown parameters were successfully estimated, overcoming critical steps for scaling-up a novel fungal-based technology for tannins biodegradation.