Walshanker1561

As a main part of pigmentation disorders, skin depigmentation diseases such as vitiligo and achromic naevus are very common and get more attention now. The pathogenesis of depigmentation includes melanocyte dysfunction and loss, which are possibly caused by heredity, autoimmunity and oxidative stress. Among them, oxidative stress plays a key role; however, few clinical treatments can deal with oxidative stress. As reported, Cistanche deserticola polysaccharide (CDP) is an effective antioxidant; based on that, we evaluated its role in melanocyte and further revealed the mechanisms. In this study, we found that CDP could promote melanogenesis in human epidermal melanocytes (HEMs) and mouse melanoma B16F10 cells, it also induced pigmentation in zebrafish. Furthermore, CDP could activate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal pathway, then up-regulated the expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and downstream genes TYR, TRP1, TRP2 and RAB27A. Otherwise, we found that CDP could attenuate H2 O2 -induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in melanocytes. Further evidence revealed that CDP could enhance NRF2/HO-1 antioxidant pathway and scavenge intracellular ROS. In summary, CDP can promote melanogenesis and prevent melanocytes from oxidative stress injury, suggesting that CDP helps maintain the normal status of melanocytes. Thus, CDP may be a novel drug for the treatment of depigmentation diseases. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd and Foundation for Cellular and Molecular Medicine.The utilization of S. eubayanus has recently become a topic of interest due to the novel organoleptic properties imparted to beer. However, the utilization of S. eubayanus in brewing requires the comprehension of the mechanisms that underlie fermentative differences generated from its natural genetic variability. Here, we evaluated fermentation performance and volatile compound production in ten genetically distinct S. eubayanus strains in a brewing fermentative context. The evaluated strains showed a broad phenotypic spectrum, some of them exhibiting a high fermentation capacity and high levels of volatile esters and/or higher alcohols. Subsequently, we obtained molecular profiles by generating 'end-to-end' genome assemblies, as well as metabolome and transcriptome profiling of two Patagonian isolates exhibiting significant differences in beer aroma profiles. These strains showed clear differences in concentrations of intracellular metabolites, including amino acids, such as valine, leucine and isoleucine, likely impacting the production of 2-methylpropanol and 3-methylbutanol. These differences in the production of volatile compounds are attributed to gene expression variation, where the most profound differentiation is attributed to genes involved in assimilatory sulfate reduction, which in turn validates phenotypic differences in H2 S production. This study lays a solid foundation for future research to improve fermentation performance and select strains for new lager styles based on aroma and metabolic profiles. © 2020 The Authors. Microbial Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd and Society for Applied Microbiology.The development of new photocatalytic platforms using novel semiconductor material is an important challenge. Herein, a sp2 carbon-conjugated covalent triazine polymer (sp2 c-CTP-4), featuring a vinylene bridge and extended π-conjugation, is prepared as a highly efficient photocatalyst for degradation of methylene blue. sp2 c-CTP-4 exhibits substantial semiconducting properties such as enhanced charge transfer and prolonged lifetime of carriers compared to its counterparts with CN or CC connections, likely due to its extended π-delocalization with an unencumbered CC bridge. Moreover, benefiting from its high chemical stability, the as-made catalyst can be recycled five times with good retention of photocatalytic activity. This study provides a new pathway for constructing a robust platform for efficient photocatalysis and gives insight into the structure-property relationship of conjugated polymers. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.The morphological characteristics of tendons have been thoroughly evaluated via microscopy. Optical microscopy and electron microscopy are the most commonly used techniques for tendon tissue observation. According to the principles of both microscopy types, preparation and evaluation methods vary. Simple optical microscopy is commonly used in the observation of cells and extracellular matrix, and many stains, including hematoxylin-eosin, Van Gieson, Prussian blue, Alcian blue, and toluidine blue, are used for evaluating cells, collagen fiber arrangement, and noncollagenous proteins. Histological scoring systems have been used in many studies for semi-quantification. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are the most commonly used electron microscopy types, and special consideration is needed for the fixation and embedding protocols. Glutaraldehyde followed by osmium is most commonly used in the chemical fixation of tendon tissue, followed by epoxy resin embedment. Longitudinal sections captured in SEM images show the arrangement of collagen fibrils and the cells and lipid drops among them, while cross sections captured in TEM images show the diameter and distribution of collagen fibrils. SEM and TEM are used together for comprehensive evaluations. This mini review is focused on the preparation methodology and related evaluation indexes for the morphological evaluation of tendons. © 2020 The Authors. Orthopaedic Surgery published by Chinese Orthopaedic Association and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.BACKGROUND AND AIM Medically managed opioid withdrawal (detox) can increase the risk of subsequent opioid overdose. OSI027 We assessed the association between mortality following detox and receipt of medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) and residential treatment after detox. DESIGN Cohort study generated from individually linked public health data sets. SETTING Massachusetts, USA. PARTICIPANTS A total of 30 681 opioid detox patients with 61 819 detox episodes between 2012 and 2014. MEASUREMENTS Treatment categories included no post-detox treatment, MOUD, residential treatment or both MOUD and residential treatment identified at monthly intervals. We classified treatment exposures in two ways (a) 'on-treatment' included any month where a treatment was received and (b) 'with-discontinuation' individuals were considered exposed through the month following treatment discontinuation. We conducted multivariable Cox proportional hazards analyses and extended Kaplan-Meier estimator cumulative incidence for all-cause and opioid-related mortality for the treatment categories as monthly time-varying exposure variables.