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Comparisons with viviparous species encompass six independent origins of viviparity. The comparisons reveal that both phylogeny and reproductive mode influence variation in extraembryonic membrane development and that phylogenetic variation influences placental evolution. Models of the evolution of squamate placentation have relied primarily on comparisons between independently derived viviparous species. The inclusion of oviparous species in comparative analyses largely supports these models, yet exposes convergent patterns of evolution that become apparent when phylogenetic variation is recognized.

Medication use is important to collect accurately in medically complex patients in both clinical and research settings.

We assessed patient-level agreement for medication use between self-reported survey and electronic health record (EHR) for children with cystic fibrosis (CF).

Our retrospective cross-sectional study focused on children with CF ages 6-20years from Seattle Children's Hospital in Washington state, USA (N=85). A self- or parent-reported survey included questions on current use of specific medications and antibiotic use in the past 2months. We compared survey data with data abstracted from the individual's EHR and derived Cohen's Kappa statistics to estimate the level of agreement between the two methods.

Self-reported medication use was generally higher in the survey than in the EHR. The level of agreement ranged from slight for probiotics (74.1% agreement; 95% confidence interval [CI] 64.6%-83.6%; kappa 0.07), pancreatic enzymes (80% agreement; 95% CI 71.3%-88.7%; kappa 0.12), and vitamin D (55.3% agreement; 95% CI 44.5%-66.1%; kappa 0.20) to moderate for chronic azithromycin (80% agreement; 95% CI 7.13%-88.7%; kappa 0.50), proton pump inhibitors (76.5% agreement; 95% CI 67.3%-85.7%; kappa 0.46), and oral antibiotics (70.6% agreement; 95% CI 60.7%-80.5%; kappa 0.42).

There is considerable heterogeneity in level of agreement in medication use between self-reported survey and EHR data for children with CF. Standardized approaches are needed to improve the accuracy of medication data collected in clinical practice and research.

There is considerable heterogeneity in level of agreement in medication use between self-reported survey and EHR data for children with CF. Standardized approaches are needed to improve the accuracy of medication data collected in clinical practice and research.

To systematically identify, appraise and synthesise existing qualitative studies exploring nurses' lived experiences of workplace violence by patients, families and hospital visitors, identifying their support needs following workplace violence.

Workplace violence against nurses is a significant concern globally, as it leads to serious negative consequences for nurses, patients and organisations as a whole. Having adequate support is considered significant. While numerous studies have been conducted on workplace violence, few qualitative reviews have focused on identifying nurses' support needs following episodes of workplace violence.

Four databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsychINFO and Scopus) were systematically searched. Additionally, hand searching of prominent journals, grey literature and reference lists of included studies was also performed to identify additional research. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist for qualitative studies was used to assess all included articles. Thomas and Harkplace violence. There is a need for further policymaking and research, based on clinical practice, in order to develop effective preventive and interventive strategies regarding workplace violence.

Institutions and managers have a duty to maintain an awareness of nurses' experiences and support needs regarding workplace violence. There is a need for further policymaking and research, based on clinical practice, in order to develop effective preventive and interventive strategies regarding workplace violence.

Outcomes of persons with chronic HBV infection in the era of antiviral therapy are not well characterized. We determined the incidence and factors associated with clinical outcomes in a multiethnic, North American cohort of adults with chronic HBV infection, who were not on antiviral therapy at enrollment.

Adults with chronic HBV infection, not receiving antiviral therapy, and without a history of decompensation, HCC or OLT were prospectively followed. Participants with known HIV, HCV or HDV coinfection were excluded. During follow-up, treatment could be initiated per standard of care. Clinical outcomes included incident cirrhosis, decompensation, HCC, OLT and HBV-related death.

Among 1418 participants analyzed, 51.5% were women, median age 41.1 years, 75% Asian, 10% white, 13% black, 24% HBeAg(+), and 1.5% cirrhosis at baseline. During the study, 274 started treatment, 83 had an ALT flare, 118/330 initially HBeAg(+) became HBeAg(-), and 90/1329 became HBsAg(-). After 6641 person-years follow-up, 8 partearly diagnosis and treatment to prevent cirrhosis and other complications of chronic HBV infection.

To identify factors associated with unsuccessful pessary fitting in a large cohort of patients with symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse (POP).

This prospective observational study included 611 consecutive women with symptomatic POP in a tertiary-care hospital. Patients were initially fitted with a ring pessary with support. Those who failed were fitted with a Gellhorn pessary. selleck chemicals llc A successful pessary fitting was defined as a patient who was fitted or refitted with a pessary and continued to use it 2 weeks later. Parametric and nonparametric tests were used for the data analysis.

A total of 524 patients had successful pessary fittings (85.8% success rate). The success rate of the ring pessary with support was 57.9%, of the Gellhorn pessary was 69.1%. Stage IV prolapse (odds ratio [OR], 2.12), posterior compartment prolapse (OR, 1.92), genital hiatus (OR, 1.41), and vaginal introitus (OR, 1.40) were independent predictors of unsuccessful ring with support pessary fitting. Vaginal length (OR, 0.74/0.60 for ring with support/Gellhorn) and history of POP reconstructive surgery (OR, 2.50/2.58 for ring with support/Gellhorn) were independent predictors of both ring with support and Gellhorn pessary fitting.

Stage IV prolapse, posterior compartment prolapse, large genital hiatus, and wide vaginal introitus were risk factors for unsuccessful fitting of ring pessary with support. Short vaginal length and a history of POP reconstructive surgery were risk factors for unsuccessful fitting of both pessaries.

Stage IV prolapse, posterior compartment prolapse, large genital hiatus, and wide vaginal introitus were risk factors for unsuccessful fitting of ring pessary with support. Short vaginal length and a history of POP reconstructive surgery were risk factors for unsuccessful fitting of both pessaries.