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Clinically used breast cancer markers, such as tumor size, tumor grade, progesterone receptor (PR) status, and Ki-67 status, are known to be associated with short-term survival, but the association of these markers with long-term (25-year) survival is unclear.

To assess the association of clinically used breast cancer markers with long-term survival and treatment benefit among postmenopausal women with lymph node-negative, estrogen receptor [ER]-positive and ERBB2-negative breast cancer who received tamoxifen therapy.

This study was a secondary analysis of data from a subset of 565 women with ER-positive/ERBB2-negative breast cancer who participated in the Stockholm tamoxifen (STO-3) randomized clinical trial. The STO-3 clinical trial was conducted from 1976 to 1990 and comprised 1780 postmenopausal women with lymph node-negative breast cancer who were randomized to receive adjuvant tamoxifen therapy or no endocrine therapy. Complete 25-year follow-up data through December 31, 2016, were obtained from Smoxifen treatment benefit was observed among patients with larger tumors, lower tumor grades, and PR-positive tumors.

Previous studies have shown an association between actual age at menarche and risk of all-cause mortality; however, the results are inconsistent, and no study has analyzed the joint associations between genetic susceptibility and actual age at menarche with the risk of mortality in prospective cohorts.

To investigate joint associations of actual age and genetically determined age at menarche with risk of all-cause mortality.

This prospective cohort study was conducted using data from the UK Biobank population across the United Kingdom from March 13, 2006, to October 1, 2010. A total of 264 546 women aged between 39 and 71 years with actual menarcheal age were included in this study; 246 676 of these women had genetic data available. Actual age at menarche was obtained from the touchscreen questionnaire at recruitment from 2006 to 2010. Genetically determined age at menarche was assessed by a genetic risk score. Statistical analysis was performed from August 22 to December 12, 2019.

Age at menarche.

l-cause mortality.

The results suggest that both actual age and genetically determined age at menarche exhibit U-shaped associations with all-cause mortality. Women with mismatch of actual age and genetically determined age at menarche may have the highest risk of all-cause mortality.

Cervical cancer screening is a lifesaving intervention, with an array of approaches, including liquid-based cytology (LBC), molecular testing for human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, and combinations via parallel cotesting or sequential triage. Maximizing screening efficacy while minimizing overtreatment is vital, especially when considering how the HPV vaccine will affect the interpretation of results.

To estimate the likely outcomes of different screening modalities and to model how the increasing uptake of the HPV vaccine could affect the interpretation of screening results.

This decision analytic model established a simple Markov model to compare the outcomes of different cervical cancer screening modalities on a simulated population of women (aged ≥25 years), considering different levels of HPV vaccination.

The number of cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 2 and 3 detected and missed, the number of false positives, and the number of tests required to achieve a given level of the sensitivity and specificity of various modalities. Although screening is lifesaving, overtesting or modalities inappropriate to the target population may cause significant harm, including overtreatment.Oyster microbiomes are integral to healthy function and can be altered by climate change conditions. Genetic variation among oysters is known to influence the response of oysters to climate change and may ameliorate any adverse effects on oyster microbiome; however, this remains unstudied. Nine full-sibling selected breeding lines of the Sydney rock oyster (Saccostrea glomerata) were exposed to predicted warming (ambient = 24°C, elevated = 28°C) and ocean acidification (ambient pCO2 = 400, elevated pCO2 = 1000 µatm) for 4 weeks. The haemolymph bacterial microbiome was characterized using 16S rRNA (V3-V4) gene sequencing and varied among oyster lines in the control (ambient pCO2, 24°C) treatment. Microbiomes were also altered by climate change dependent on oyster lines. Bacterial α-diversity increased in response to elevated pCO2 in two selected lines, while bacterial β-diversity was significantly altered by combinations of elevated pCO2 and temperature in four selected lines. see more Climate change treatments caused shifts in the abundance of multiple amplicon sequence variants driving change in the microbiome of some selected lines. We show that oyster genetic background may influence the Sydney rock oyster haemolymph microbiome under climate change and that future assisted evolution breeding programs to enhance resilience should consider the oyster microbiome.

The testing of aflatoxins (AFs) in fresh and processed foods is highly demanded to comply with trade regulations. Consequently, commercial laboratories face huge AF sample loads in food consignments. Worldwide, there is a rising interest to implement automation to increase sample throughput in AF analysis.

This study sought to evaluate the performance of an automated cleanup and HPLC analysis system for determination of regulated AFs (B1, B2, G1, G2) in rice, flattened rice, sorghum, raw and processed peanut, almond, peanut butter, and wheat-based cookies.

The samples were extracted with methanol-water (8020), diluted with Triton X-100 and subjected to automated analysis, where the cleanup step through immunoaffinity column (IAC) and HPLC-fluorescence analyses [involving post-column bromination-derivatisation] were performed in 10 and 11 min, respectively. The method was validated in all test matrices at the LOQ and higher levels. The method performance was also evaluated against a conventional workflowHPLC analysis of aflatoxins were automatically performed. Each immunoaffinity column could be used 15-times without any loss in recoveries. The method performance was better than the conventional approach and complied with the analytical quality control guidelines.

Grit, defined as perseverance and passion for long-term goals, is predictive of success and performance even among high-achieving individuals. Previous studies examining the effect of grit on attrition and wellness during surgical residency are limited by low response rates or single-institution analyses.

To characterize grit among US general surgery residents and examine the association between resident grit and wellness outcomes.

A cross-sectional national survey study of 7464 clinically active general surgery residents in the US was administered in conjunction with the 2018 American Board of Surgery In-Training Examination and assessed grit, burnout, thoughts of attrition, and suicidal thoughts during the previous year. Multivariable logistic regression models were constructed to assess the association of grit with resident burnout, thoughts of attrition, and suicidal thoughts. Statistical analyses were performed from June 1 to August 15, 2019.

Grit was measured using the 8-item Short Grit Scale (sgh and much remains unknown about how to employ grit measurement, grit is likely not an effective screening instrument to select residents; instead, institutions should ensure an organizational culture that promotes and supports trainees across this elevated range of grit scores.

The wide livestock usage of tetracyclines may result in drug residues in foods. Therefore, it is necessary to develop reliable methods for the determination of tetracyclines in foods.

A dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) combined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the analysis of six tetracyclines in eggs and chicken.

After deproteinization, tetracyclines in acidic solutions were concentrated by vortex-assisted DLLME. Followed by the addition of NaCl (35% for eggs and 20% for chicken), a mixture of ionic liquid [Bmim]PF6 and ethyl acetate (300 μL-50 μL for eggs and 200 μL-60 μL for chicken) was used as the extractant. After centrifugation, the extract was collected for HPLC analysis.

The developed method showed good linear relationship (10.0-500 μg/kg), low method detection limits (0.219-1.42 μg/kg) and quantification limits (0.731-4.72 μg/kg), satisfactory relative recoveries (87.1-104%) with intra-day and inter-day RSDs in the ranges of 0.853-8.62% and 1.65-11.8%, respectively. The established method was successfully applied for the determination of six tetracyclines in eggs and chicken of different parts. The contents of tetracyclines in all samples were lower than their maximum residue limits.

A DLLME-HPLC method has been developed for the analysis of six tetracyclines in animal derived foods using ionic liquid and ethyl acetate as the extractant.

The developed method is simple, sensitive, cost-effective and has strong anti-interference ability. This method has been successfully applied to the analysis of six tetracyclines in eggs and chicken.

The developed method is simple, sensitive, cost-effective and has strong anti-interference ability. This method has been successfully applied to the analysis of six tetracyclines in eggs and chicken.The human protein kinase ULK3 regulates the timing of membrane abscission, thus being involved in exosome budding and cytokinesis. Herein, we present the first high-resolution structures of the ULK3 kinase domain. Its unique features are explored against the background of other ULK kinases. An inhibitor fingerprint indicates that ULK3 is highly druggable and capable of adopting a wide range of conformations. In accordance with this, we describe a conformational switch between the active and an inactive ULK3 conformation, controlled by the properties of the attached small-molecule binder. Finally, we discuss a potential substrate-recognition mechanism of the full-length ULK3 protein.Connections, collaborations, and community are key to the success of individual scientists as well as transformative scientific advances. Intentionally building these components into STEM education can better prepare future generations of researchers. Course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs) are a new and fast-growing teaching practice in STEM that can expand opportunities for undergraduate students to gain research skills. Because they engage all students in a course in an authentic research experience focused on a relevant scientific problem, CUREs provide an opportunity to foster community among students while promoting critical thinking skills and positively influencing their identities as scientists. Here, we review CUREs in the biological sciences that were developed as multi-institutional networks, and highlight the benefits gained by both students and instructors through participation in a CURE network. Throughout, we introduce Squirrel-Net, a network of ecology-focused and field-based CUREs that intentionally create connections among students and instructors. Squirrel-Net CUREs can also be scaffolded into the curriculum to form connections between courses, and are easily transitioned to distance-based delivery. Future assessments of networked CUREs like Squirrel-Net will help elucidate how CURE networks create community and how a cultivated research community impacts students' performance, perceptions of science, and sense of belonging. We hypothesize networked CUREs have the potential to create a broader sense of belonging among students and instructors alike, which could result in better science and more confident scientists.