Vinterkearns0834

Analysis of various population genetics parameters and distribution of synonymous and nonsynonymous mutations revealed that purifying selection pressure was the major force acting upon the IJMV genome. The outcome of the study provides valuable insights on the evolution of IJMV genome, for which there are few genome sequences available, and informs the current breeding efforts towards resistance for IJMV.Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), a member of the genus Tritimovirus in the family Potyviridae, has been designated as a plant quarantine pathogen in South Korea. Several diagnostic methods can be applied to diagnose viral infections in plants, but polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, which can identify viral species with speed and accuracy, are mainly used in Korean plant quarantine. Many variants of different viral species with highly divergent genomic sequences are constantly being discovered by high-throughput sequencing technology. This means that previously established primers may no longer be suitable for diagnostic use. In this study, we developed a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay for detecting WSMV isolates/strains using all of the WSMV sequences available in NCBI GenBank. All 13 primer sets were able to produce amplicons of the expected sizes from WSMV-infected samples. To check whether nonspecific reactions occur, some closely related viruses (one tritimovirus and five potyviruses) and target imported plants (wheat, maize, oat, and proso millet) were tested. Consequently, four primer sets, which did not produce nonspecific bands, were finally selected among the 13 primer sets. Concentration-dependent amplification tests showed that the four primer sets are adequate for use in the diagnosis of WSMV in Korean plant quarantine.Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is associated with the Hodgkin's and Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL and NHL respectively). HIV is a risk factor for EBV infections and previously published data indicate that HIV infected individuals have higher chances of getting EBV infections compared to HIV uninfected individuals. Very limited information is available from India about the the prevalence of EBV in HIV positivity, with or without malignancy. In a recent study (Sinha et al. Current HIV Res 161-6, 2018) from All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, we have shown that 2% among the HIV-1 infected individuals have malignancies including HL and NHL. To determine the prevalence of EBV among these individuals, clinical specimen obtained from ART clinic of AIIMS were tested for the presence of EBV DNA in plasma samples by quantitative real-time PCR. We have observed high prevalence of EBV (30%) among the 92 specimen tested. Prevalence is higher in patients with malignancy (37%) compared to those without maliganancy (27%). No correlation was observed with the CD4 counts or HIV viral load with EBV positivity.Banana bract mosaic virus (BBrMV), belongs to the genus Potyvirus and it is an important viral pathogen of bananas and plantains. The eukaryotic translation initiation factor, eIF4E, and its isoform play key roles during the virus infection in plants, particularly Potyvirus. The present study was undertaken to determine the role of BBrMV-viral protein genome-linked (VPg) in virus infectivity by analyzing the interaction with the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4E through yeast two-hybrid system. The results suggest that plantain cv. Nendran eIF4E plays an essential role in the initiation of the translation of capped mRNAs and its association with VPg would point to a role of the viral protein in the translation of the virus and may potentially contribute to BBrMV resistance.Potato virus Y (PVY) is an important viral pathogen of the plant family Solanaceae. However, it has not been reported that PVY infects zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L). Zucchini plants showing symptoms of leaf mosaic and fruit ringspot were collected from Inner Mongolia, China. Using RT-PCR, we amplified the PVY-specific bands in zucchini (PVY-Zu isolate). Further, we found that the viral pathogen could infect Nicotiana benthamiana via mechanical inoculation with the extract of the zucchini leaves. Filamentous virions were observed in infected N. benthamiana plants under a transmission electron microscope. Additionally, the complete genomic fragment of the PVY-Zu isolate was obtained via RT-PCR and RACE analysis, containing 9662 nucleotides (nt) excluding the 3'-terminal poly (A) tail. The 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) were 150 nt and 329 nt, respectively, while the putative polyprotein contained 3061 amino acids. Comparison of the PVY-Zu isolate with 19 other PVY isolates revealed that they shared nucleot contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13337-020-00647-2.Bacteriophage therapy is currently experiencing a renaissance. Therapeutic efficacy of bacteriophages depends on phage-bacterial and phage-host interactions. The appearance of neutralizing anti-phage antibody has been speculated to be one of the few reasons for bacteriophage therapy's failure. This study aimed to know whether there is a rise in the neutralizing antibody on the parenteral injection of bacteriophages in an animal model. This study included bacteriophages against five different bacteria, namely Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella Typhi and Staphylococcus aureus. BX471 in vivo These bacteriophages were isolated, propagated and purified. Bacteriophage specificity was confirmed by spot testing on the respective bacterial lawn. Weekly subcutaneous injection of purified bacteriophages (109PFU) was given to five rabbits for six weeks. Blood samples were collected before administering the next dose every week. The antibody response was tested by phage neutralization followed bonged therapy, bacteriophage cocktail of different antigenicity may be suggested.Hepatitis C is a viral infection that has been declared as a global health problem by the World Health Organization. Egypt has the highest prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) which results in a high morbidity and mortality from chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma. Cities have lower rates of infection than rural areas. Studies about the abnormally high prevalence of HCV in Egypt ascribed that to the governmental campaign to treat Schistosoma. However, these treatment campaigns have stopped more than 35 years ago, which means that some other modes of transmission must have been involved. The objective of this work is to study the main reasons of HCV prevalence in the Egyptian Delta valley. A questionnaire-based study was conducted by members of the HCV Fighters project. Responses were collected from 949 volunteers (451 HCV patients and 498 healthy volunteers as control). The data were analyzed using SPSS version 19.0. The two-sample proportion test was used for statistical comparison between groups.