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Histopathology of the liver tumor confirmed classic Hodgkin lymphoma with mixed cellularity. We conclude that hepatic venous catheterization, positron emission tomography/computed tomography, and pathological examinations of bone marrow, liver, and spleen are crucial for the diagnosis of sarcoidosis-lymphoma syndrome associated with portal hypertension.Foix-Alajouanine syndrome is a rare progressive form of spinal AVM predominantly affecting the lower thoracic and/or lumbosacral regions. This study aims to describe the imaging findings of spinal AVM causing Foix-Alajouanine syndrome and to review the literature. We present a 48-year-old man with progressive back pain, leg weakness, and gait imbalance without urinary retention. We discuss the clinical and imaging findings and the significance of MRI in establishing the diagnosis. A definitive diagnosis of spinal AVM requires radiographic demonstration of the vascular anomaly. Despite the high sensitivity of angiography for the diagnosis of spinal AVM, the result of the study may be inconclusive and/or negative. The key MRI findings are the presence of abnormally dilated perimedullary vessels with signal voids from a high-velocity flow on T1 and T2 weighted images.Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA) is a life threatening disease if left untreated which predominantly affects the adult population. As clinical presentation is often non-specific there is a heavy reliance on radiologic, laboratory and biopsy findings in diagnosis. We present a case of a 17-year-old male who presented with a history of tea colored urine and recurrent epistaxis who now complained of cough and congestion. The patient failed multiple courses of outpatient antibiotics and a CT of the chest while in the ED demonstrated multiple cavitary lesions. Subsequent workup and biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of GPA. It is important for the Radiologist and other clinicians to keep GPA in their differential when presented with a cavitary lung lesion as prompt treatment is required for good outcomes.Mesenteric lipomas are rare tumors, with fewer than 50 reported cases. A 42-year-old woman with no significant medical history was referred to our hospital for surgical removal of submucosal myoma and a left ovarian tumor that was diagnosed at a different clinic. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging findings suggested a differential diagnosis of fibroma, Brenner's tumors, and mature teratomas; however, the intraoperative findings showed a sigmoidal mesenteric tumor adherent to the left ovary. Pathological examination revealed degenerated adipose tissue, and the patient was diagnosed with sigmoidal mesenteric lipoma. When a degenerated sigmoidal mesenteric lipoma is adherent to the ovary, it must be differentiated from an ovarian tumor.Spontaneous pneumomediastinum is a rare complication of coronavirus disease 2019. The published literature consists mainly of case reports and small case series. Selleck 3,4-Dichlorophenyl isothiocyanate There are still many questions regarding the pathogenesis, the prognostic significance and the implications on patient management. In our hospital, 3 coronavirus disease 2019 patients developed spontaneous pneumomediastinum 1 on admission at the emergency department and the other 2 during hospitalization. In this study we describe their clinical course and computed tomography (CT) findings. All of them had severe disease according to the total severity score on admission CT. The management of pneumomediastinum was conservative and follow-up CT showed resolution in all patients. As the correlation between extension of parenchymal lung lesions and development of pneumomediastinum is still under investigation, we highlight the importance of reporting the severity score on chest CT in order to obtain more comparable results between different studies. Furthermore, in this tragic circumstance we also had the opportunity to familiarize ourselves with the otherwise uncommon occurrence of air along the bronchovascular sheaths (Macklin effect) and evaluate the ability of CT to detect it.Organizing pneumonia is a nonspecific pulmonary response pattern associated with a variety of clinical contexts including viral infections. The classic radiological manifestations are peribronchovascular/peripheral ground glass opacities or consolidations and may be accompanied by nodules, masses, and interstitial opacities. We describe the case of a 62-year-old male patient with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia and torpid clinical and radiological evolution in whom organizing pneumonia was documented through transbronchial biopsy and imaging findings, with a good response to corticosteroids. The importance of recognizing the development of organizing pneumonia lies in the better prognosis and outcome in those patients who receive treatment with corticosteroids, however, the clinical and radiological suspicion must be confirmed with biopsy because radiological findings associated with bacterial coinfection may overlap.Peripartum cardiomyopathy is a relatively rare condition, that usually presents with features of heart failure in the peripartum period. The ongoing pandemic caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been reported to be associated with myocarditis, with progression to dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Dilated cardiomyopathy in a peripartum patient with COVID-19 infection may present a diagnostic dilemma. We report a case of dilated cardiomyopathy in a peripartum patient with COVID-19 infection. She presented with shortness of breath in the peripartum period. Chest X-ray showed a grossly enlarged heart with bilateral pulmonary infiltrates consistent with congestive heart failure or viral pneumonia. Echocardiography revealed dilated chambers with 22% left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and global hypokinesis. Despite completing 5 days of remdesivir and dexamethasone, she had worsening dyspnea on postpartum day 10, a repeat echocardiogram showed further reduction in LVEF to 10-15% and was discharged with a life-vest after acute management. She had multiple hospital admissions for decompensated heart failure. Myocardial core biopsy showed marked acute inflammation and necrosis. She had an intra-aortic balloon pump, left ventricular and right ventricular assist devices placed on account of persistent hemodynamic instability, and is now scheduled to have a cardiac transplant.This paper argues that supporting food system transformation requires more than obtaining science-based understanding and analysis of how components in the system interact. We argue that changing the emergent properties of food systems (what we call food system synthesis) is a socio-political challenge that is affected by competing views regarding system boundaries and purposes, and limited possibilities for central steering and control. We point to different traditions of 'systems thinking' that each emphasize particular types of interventions for achieving system change, and argue that food systems are best looked at as complex multi-dimensional systems. This implies that we need to move beyond rational engineering approaches to system change, and look for approaches that anticipate and accommodate inherent social tensions and struggles in processes of changing food system dynamics and outcomes. Through a case study on the persistence of an undesired emergent property of food systems (i.e. poverty) we demonstrate that a multi-level perspective (MLP) on system transformation is useful in understanding both how food system transformation has happened in the past, and how desirable transformations is prevented from happening today. Based on such insights we point to key governance strategies and principles that may be used to influence food system transformation as a non-linear and long-term process of competition, negotiation and reconfiguration. Such strategies include the creation and nurturing of diversity in the system, as well as process interventions aimed at visioning, destabilization and formation of discourse coalitions. Such governance interventions imply a considerable re-orientation of investments in food system transformation as well as a rethinking of the role that policy-makers may play in either altering or reproducing undesirable system outcomes.An original graph clustering approach for the efficient localization of error covariances is proposed within an ensemble-variational data assimilation framework. Here, the localization term is very generic and refers to the idea of breaking up a global assimilation into subproblems. This unsupervised localization technique based on a linearized state-observation measure is general and does not rely on any prior information such as relevant spatial scales, empirical cutoff radii or homogeneity assumptions. Localization is performed via graph theory, a branch of mathematics emerging as a powerful approach to capturing complex and highly interconnected Earth and environmental systems in computational geosciences. The novel approach automatically segregates the state and observation variables in an optimal number of clusters, and it is more amenable to scalable data assimilation. The application of this method does not require underlying block-diagonal structures of prior covariance matrices. To address intercluster connectivity, two alternative data adaptations are proposed. Once the localization is completed, a covariance diagnosis and tuning are performed within each cluster, whose contribution is sequentially integrated into the entire covariance matrix. Numerical twin experiment tests show the reduced cost and added flexibility of this approach compared to global covariance tuning, and more accurate results yielded for both observation- and background-error parameter tuning.Novel corona virus (COVID-19) pandemic in the last 4 months stimulates the international scientific community to search for vaccine of antiviral agents suitable for in activating the virus inside and outside the human body. More than 4 million people globally are infected by the virus and about 300,000 dead cases until this moment. The ventilation and airborne filters are also investigated aiming to develop an efficient antiviral filtration technology. Human secretion of the infected person as nasal or saliva droplets goes as airborne and distributes the virus everywhere around the person. N95 and N98 filters are the must use filters for capturing particles of sizes around 300 nm. The average size of the novel corona virus (COVID-19) is 100 nm and there is no standard or special filter suitable for this virus. The nanoparticle-coated airborne filter is a suitable technique in this regard. While the efficiency of this type of filters still needs to be enhanced, new developed nanofiber filters are proposed. Most recently, the charged nanofiber filters of sizes below 100 nm are developed and provide an efficient viral filtration and inactivation. The efficiency of filter must be kept at accepted level without increasing the pressure drop. The present review outlines the most efficient antiviral nanoparticles including the recent functional nanoparticles. The filtration theory, filtration modeling, filter testing, and different types of filter with special concentration on the charged nanofiber filter were discussed. The charged nanofiber filter able to capture novel corona virus (COVID-19) with 94% efficiency and a pressure drop less than 20 MPa.