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Cognitive flexibility is the ability to adapt thoughts and behaviors to new environments. Previous studies investigating cognitive flexibility in children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) present contradictory findings. selleck compound In the current study, cognitive flexibility was assessed in 5- and 6-year-old preschoolers with DLD (n = 23) and peers with typical development (TD; n = 50) using a nonexistent object drawing (NEOD) task. The children were asked to draw a nonexistent man and a nonexistent house. The children with DLD did not differ from their peers with TD on simple category changes, which were comprised of changes in the size or shape of parts of the object, change of the whole shape of the object, and deletion of parts of the object. Nevertheless, children with DLD made fewer more complex, high-level category changes, which included same-category insertions, position exchange of object's parts, and cross-category insertions. The difference between DLD and TD on high-level category changes was related to differences between the two groups in verbal short-term memory and inhibition. Furthermore, children with DLD made no changes to their original drawings of an existing man and house more often than their peers with TD. It is concluded that children with DLD aged 5-6 years show less flexibility on the NEOD task than age-matched children with TD. This difference in cognitive flexibility may be related to lower levels of verbal short-term memory and inhibition ability of children with DLD, or to different use of these cognitive skills on the NEOD task.Adherens junctions are a defining feature of all epithelial cells, providing cell-cell adhesion and contractile ring formation that is essential for cell and tissue morphology. In Drosophila, adherens junctions are concentrated between the apical and basolateral plasma membrane domains, defined by aPKC-Par6-Baz and Lgl/Dlg/Scrib, respectively. Whether adherens junctions contribute to apical-basal polarization itself has been unclear because neuroblasts exhibit apical-basal polarization of aPKC-Par6-Baz and Lgl in the absence of adherens junctions. Here we show that, upon disruption of adherens junctions in epithelial cells, apical polarity determinants such as aPKC can still segregate from basolateral Lgl, but lose their sharp boundaries and also overlap with Dlg and Scrib - similar to neuroblasts. In addition, control of apical versus basolateral domain size is lost, along with control of cell shape, in the absence of adherens junctions. Manipulating the levels of apical Par3/Baz or basolateral Lgl polarity determinants in experiments and in computer simulations confirms that adherens junctions provide a 'picket fence' diffusion barrier that restricts the spread of polarity determinants along the membrane to enable precise domain size control. Movement of adherens junctions in response to mechanical forces during morphogenetic change thus enables spontaneous adjustment of apical versus basolateral domain size as an emergent property of the polarising system.

A major coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak occurred in Northeastern France in spring 2020. This single-center retrospective observational cohort study aimed to compare patients with severe COVID-19 and those with non-severe COVID-19 (survivors vs. non-survivors, ICU patients vs. non-ICU patients) and to describe extrapulmonary complications.

We included all patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 admitted to Colmar Hospital in March 2020.

We examined 600 patients (median age 71.09 years; median body mass index 26.9kg/m

); 57.7% were males, 86.3% had at least one comorbidity, 153 (25.5%) required ICU hospitalization, and 115 (19.1%) died. Baseline independent factors associated with death were older age (>75 vs. ≤75 years), male sex, oxygen supply, chronic neurological, renal, and pulmonary diseases, diabetes, cancer, low platelet and hemoglobin counts, and high levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum creatinine. Factors associated with ICU hospitalization were age <75 years, oxygen supply, chronic pulmonary disease, absence of dementia, and high levels of CRP, hemoglobin, and serum creatinine. Among the 600 patients, 80 (13.3%) had an acute renal injury, 33 (5.5%) had a cardiovascular event, 27 (4.5%) had an acute liver injury, 24 (4%) had venous thromboembolism, eight (1.3%) had a neurological event, five (0.8%) had rhabdomyolysis, and one had acute pancreatitis. Most extrapulmonary complications occurred in ICU patients.

This study highlighted the main risk factors for ICU hospitalization and death caused by severe COVID-19 and the frequency of numerous extrapulmonary complications in France.

This study highlighted the main risk factors for ICU hospitalization and death caused by severe COVID-19 and the frequency of numerous extrapulmonary complications in France.Vaccines are the most important public health measure to protect people from COVID-19 worldwide. In addition, healthcare workers account for a large number of infected people. Protecting this population from COVID-19 seems crucial to preserve healthcare systems. In a context of few doses available, serological assays could be useful to decide whether one or two doses are needed. Our results show that a first dose of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine seems to act as a boost after SARS-CoV-2 infection in healthcare workers with a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection; a second dose might therefore not be required.

Pulmonary tularemia is a rare and little-known disease, whose clinical and radiological presentation can be confused with those of much more frequent pathologies, such as lung cancer or B-cell lymphoma(46,000 and 5,000 new cases respectively per year in France). Furthermore, PET/CT is a powerful tool for the diagnosis of malignancies or the exploration of fever of unknown origin. The objective of this study was to describe the characteristics of pulmonary tularemia and to determine whether its PET/CT aspect could help distinguish it from neoplasia.

Retrospective observational study collecting all pulmonary tularemia cases for which a PET/CT was performed between 2016 and 2020.

Twenty-seven cases of pulmonary tularemia were analyzed. The sex ratio was 4.4, and the median age was 60 years. Clinical manifestations were mainly represented by fever (n=23), arthralgia (n=7) and cough (n=6). PET/CT revealed intensely hypermetabolic mediastinal adenopathies in all cases, associated with parenchymal (n=20) or pleural (n=6) lesions, suggesting neoplastic pathology in 15 patients.