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Panama has the lowest overall prevalence of tobacco use in the Americas, however rates are almost three times higher in the indigenous territory of Kuna Yala compared with the national average. Most people who smoke started during adolescence, making this a key period for tobacco control efforts.

We aimed to examine tobacco access and use among adolescents (13 to 15 years old) in Kuna Yala compared with nationwide Panama using data from the 2017 Global Youth Tobacco Survey, a standardised international tool for assessing key tobacco control indicators among adolescents.

The prevalence of current tobacco use among 13 to 15 year olds in Kuna Yala was 14.0% (95% CI 11.6% to 16.9%)-almost twice the national average of 7.8% (95% CI 6.3% to 9.4%). Half of all adolescents in Kuna Yala estimated the cost of a 20-cigarette pack as less than US$0.75, compared with 16.2% of adolescents across of Panama (p value <0.01).

Kuna Yala is one of the few indigenous territories in Spanish-speaking countries where key tobacco control indicators have recently been assessed. Higher tobacco use and lower reported cigarette prices in that region may be linked with the presence of barter economy which may give adolescents more ready access to cigarettes than in other parts of Panama. There is a need for more indigenous-specific data to help build the evidence base to improve tobacco control and reduce commercial tobacco use among indigenous peoples.

Kuna Yala is one of the few indigenous territories in Spanish-speaking countries where key tobacco control indicators have recently been assessed. Higher tobacco use and lower reported cigarette prices in that region may be linked with the presence of barter economy which may give adolescents more ready access to cigarettes than in other parts of Panama. There is a need for more indigenous-specific data to help build the evidence base to improve tobacco control and reduce commercial tobacco use among indigenous peoples.Neutrophils play an important role in the lung tumour microenvironment. We hypothesised that radiolabelled neutrophils coupled to single-photon emission CT (SPECT) may non-invasively quantify neutrophil uptake in tumours from patients with non-small cell lung cancer. We demonstrated increased uptake of radiolabelled neutrophils from the blood into tumours compared with non-specific uptake using radiolabelled transferrin. Moreover, indium-111-neutrophil activity in the tumour biopsies also correlated with myeloperoxidase (MPO)-positive neutrophils. Our data support the utility of imaging with In-111-labelled neutrophils and SPECT-CT to quantify neutrophil uptake in lung cancer.

To investigate sex differences in prevalence, treatment and control of major cardiovascular risk factors in England.

Data from the Health Survey for England 2012-2017 on non-institutionalised English adults (aged ≥16 years) were used to investigate sex differences in prevalence, treatment and control of major cardiovascular risk factors body mass index, smoking, systolic blood pressure and hypertension, diabetes, and cholesterol and dyslipidaemia. STAT inhibitor Physical activity and diet were not assessed in this study.

Overall, 49 415 adults (51% women) were included. Sex differences persisted in prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, with smoking, hypertension, overweight and dyslipidaemia remaining more common in men than in women in 2017. The proportion of individuals with neither hypertension, dyslipidaemia, diabetes nor smoking increased from 32% to 36% in women and from 28% to 29% in men between 2012 and 2017. Treatment and control of hypertension and diabetes improved over time and were comparable in both sexes in 2017 (66% and 51% for treatment and control of hypertension and 73% and 20% for treatment and control of diabetes). However, women were less likely than men to have treated and controlled dyslipidaemia (21% vs 28% for treatment and 15% vs 24% for control, for women versus men in 2017).

Important sex differences persist in cardiovascular risk factors in England, with an overall higher number of risk factors in men than in women. A combination of public health policy and individually tailored interventions is required to further reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease in England.

Important sex differences persist in cardiovascular risk factors in England, with an overall higher number of risk factors in men than in women. A combination of public health policy and individually tailored interventions is required to further reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease in England.

There is a paucity of evidence supporting routine beta blocker (BB) use in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The aim of this study was to evaluate BB use post PCI and its association with mortality. Furthermore, the study aimed to evaluate the association between BB and mortality in the subgroups of patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <35%, LVEF 35%-50% and LVEF >50%.

Using a large PCI registry, data from patients with ACS between January 2005 and June 2017 who were alive at 30 days were analysed. Those patients taking BB at 30 days were compared with those who were not taking BB. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. The mean follow-up was 5.3±3.5 years.

Of the 17 562 patients, 83.3% were on BB. Mortality was lower in the BB group (13.1% vs 19.5%, p=0.0001). Multivariable Cox proportional hazards model showed that BB use was associated with lower overall mortality (adjusted HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.78 to 0.97, p=0.014). In the subgroup analysis, BB use was associated with reduced mortality in LVEF <35% (adjusted HR 0.63, 95% CI 0.44 to 0.91, p=0.013), LVEF 35%-50% (adjusted HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.95, p=0.01), but not LVEF >50% (adjusted HR 1.03, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.21, p=0.74).

BB use remains high and is associated with reduced mortality. This reduction in mortality is primarily seen in those with reduced ejection fraction, but not in those with preserved ejection fraction.

BB use remains high and is associated with reduced mortality. This reduction in mortality is primarily seen in those with reduced ejection fraction, but not in those with preserved ejection fraction.In December of 2019, a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, emerged in the city of Wuhan, China, causing severe morbidity and mortality. Since then, the virus has swept across the globe, causing millions of confirmed infections and hundreds of thousands of deaths. To better understand the nature of the pandemic and the introduction and spread of the virus in Arizona, we sequenced viral genomes from clinical samples tested at the TGen North Clinical Laboratory, the Arizona Department of Health Services, and those collected as part of community surveillance projects at Arizona State University and the University of Arizona. Phylogenetic analysis of 84 genomes from across Arizona revealed a minimum of 11 distinct introductions inferred to have occurred during February and March. We show that >80% of our sequences descend from strains that were initially circulating widely in Europe but have since dominated the outbreak in the United States. In addition, we show that the first reported case of community transmission inp to reconstruct population composition and predict the earliest undetected introductions. This foundational work represents the basis for future analysis and understanding as the pandemic continues.Genetic screens are powerful tools to dissect complex biological processes, but a rate-limiting step is often the cloning of targeted genes. Here, we present a strategy, "mutagenomics," to identify causal mutations from a screen in a high throughput fashion in the absence of backcrossing. Mutagenomics is initiated by sequencing the genomes of the mutants identified, which are then subjected to a three-stage pipeline. The first stage identifies sequence changes in genes previously linked to the targeted pathway. The second stage uses heuristics derived from a simulation strategy to identify genes that are represented by multiple independent alleles more often than expected by chance. The third stage identifies candidate genes for the remaining lines by sequencing multiple lines of common descent. Our simulations indicate that sequencing as few as three to four sibling lines generally results in fewer than five candidate genes. link2 We applied mutagenomics to a screen for Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants involved in the response to the phytohormone cytokinin. Mutagenomics identified likely causative genes for many of the mutant lines analyzed from this screen, including 13 alleles of the gene encoding the ARABIDOPSIS HIS KINASE4 cytokinin receptor. The screen also identified 1-AMINOCYCLOPROPANE-1-CARBOXYLATE (ACC) SYNTHASE7, an ACC synthase homolog involved in ethylene biosynthesis, and ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5), a master transcriptional regulator of photomorphogenesis. HY5 was found to mediate a subset of the transcriptional response to cytokinin. Mutagenomics has the potential to accelerate the pace and utility of genetic screens in Arabidopsis.To answer long-standing questions about how plants use and regulate water, an affordable, noninvasive way to determine local root water uptake (RWU) is required. Here, we present a sensor, the soil water profiler (SWaP), which can determine local soil water content (θ) with a precision of 6.10-5 cm3 ⋅ cm-3, an accuracy of 0.002 cm3 ⋅ cm-3, a temporal resolution of 24 min, and a one-dimensional spatial resolution of 1 cm. The sensor comprises two copper sheets, integrated into a sleeve and connected to a coil, which form a resonant circuit. A vector network analyzer, inductively coupled to the resonant circuit, measures the resonance frequency, against which θ was calibrated. The sensors were integrated into a positioning system, which measures θ along the depth of cylindrical tubes. When combined with modulating light (4-h period) and resultant modulating plant transpiration, the SWaP enables quantification of the component of RWU distribution that varies proportionally with total plant water uptake, and distinguishes it from soil water redistribution via soil pores and roots. Additionally, as a young, growing maize (Zea mays) plant progressively tapped its soil environment dry, we observed clear changes in plant-driven RWU and soil water redistribution profiles. Our SWaP setup can measure the RWU and redistribution of sandy-soil water content with unprecedented precision. The SWaP is therefore a promising device offering new insights into soil-plant hydrology, with applications for functional root phenotyping in nonsaline, temperature-controlled conditions, at low cost.

The success of treatment planning relies critically on our ability to predict the potential benefit of a therapy. In colorectal cancer (CRC), several nomograms are available to predict different outcomes based on the use of tumour specific features. Our objective is to provide an accurate and explainable prediction of the risk to die within 10 years after CRC diagnosis, by incorporating the tumour features and the patient medical and demographic information.

In the prostate, lung, colorectal and ovarian cancer screening (PLCO) Trial, participants (n=154 900) were randomised to screening with flexible sigmoidoscopy, with a repeat screening at 3 or 5 years, or to usual care. We selected patients who were diagnosed with CRC during the follow-up to train a gradient-boosted model to predict the risk to die within 10 years after CRC diagnosis. link3 Using Shapley values, we determined the 20 most relevant features and provided explanation to prediction.

During the follow-up, 2359 patients were diagnosed with CRC. Median follow-up was 16.