Vargasrindom6775

It is advised that all health care personnel who immediately participate in neurosurgical surgeries and procedures for confirmed and suspected patients with COVID-19 should take airborne precautions and wear enhanced personal protective equipment. CONCLUSIONS Following the proposed guidance, urgent neurosurgical surgeries and procedures can be safely performed for the benefit of critical patients with or suspected for COVID-19. BACKGROUND Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage during the treatment of aortic disease is commonly performed to prevent spinal cord ischemia (SCI). Spinal subdural hematoma (SDH) has never been reported after CSF drainage during thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR). We present a case of concurrent intracranial subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and spinal SDH after CSF drainage tube removal in a TEVAR patient. CASE DESCRIPTION A 73-year-old man was hospitalized to undergo TEVAR. The day before the procedure, a lumbar CSF drainage tube was inserted. Continuous CSF drainage was performed only during the procedure and the tube was removed the following day. The patient complained of mild back pain on postoperative day 2; headache, bilateral lower limb paresis, and bladder and rectal disturbances developed on postoperative day 5. Brain and spinal magnetic resonance imaging revealed spinal subdural or subarachnoid hematoma and intracranial SAH. Lumbar laminectomies for spinal SDH removal were performed; lower limb strength improved immediately after surgery. At postoperative 2 years, the patient returned to his preoperative activity level; only mild right lower limb numbness persisted. CONCLUSIONS We present a rare case of intracranial SAH and spinal SDH that developed after CSF drainage tube removal in a TEVAR patient. CSF drainage should be carefully considered in patients undergoing aortic procedures as SAH and spinal SDH may occur in addition to SCI. BACKGROUND Primary central nervous system neuroblastoma (PCNSN) is a rare disease, and its incidence, treatment modalities, and survival remain poorly understood. METHODS The SEER database was used to identify patients diagnosed with PCNSN from 1973 to 2013. The incidence and survival rates were examined. Clinical features, treatment modalities and prognosis were also assessed. RESULTS 280 PCNSN patients were identified, with annual age-adjusted incidence being 0.37 per 1,000,000 persons in 1973 and decreasing to 0.12 in 2013. Neuroblastoma (NBL) (ganglioneuroblastoma [GBNL] vs NBL; OR, 25.01; P=0.008) and tumor with distant metastasis (odds ratio [OR], 0.17; P=0.002) were more likely to receive conservative treatment over surgery, while older age (OR, 1.02; P=0.011) and tumors located in brain (Other nervous system vs. brain OR, 0.31; P=0.001) increased the likelihood of receiving combined surgery and radiotherapy over surgery alone. In addition, younger age, GNBL, and surgery treatment were significantly associated with improved outcomes (all P less then 0.05). Metabolism inhibitor Furthermore, a nomogram model was established to effectively estimate survival rates for PCNSN patients. CONCLUSIONS We updated epidemiological information of PCNSN and demonstrated that age, histological type, tumor extension and surgery were independent prognostic factors. Moreover, treatment modalities of these tumors are influenced by patient and tumor characteristics. In recent years, the adverse effects of cadmium (Cd2+) on aquatic systems have attracted much attention because Cd2+ can induce endocrine disorders and toxicity in aquatic organisms at low levels. However, its effects on the thyroid system in native fish in Lhasa are still unclear. In the present study, Schizopygopsis younghusbandi larvae were exposed to Cd2+ (0.25, 2.5, 25 or 250 μg/L) for 7 or 14 days to determine its toxic effects on thyroid function. The results showed that whole-body total T4 and T3 levels were significantly decreased, which was accompanied by the significant upregulation of the expression of the dio1 and dio2 genes after exposure to Cd2+ for 7 or 14 days. Genes related to thyroid hormone synthesis (crh and tshβ) were upregulated after both 7 and 14 days of Cd2+ exposure, possibly due to the negative feedback regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis caused by a decrease in thyroid hormone. In addition, survival rates and body lengths were reduced after treatment with Cd2+. This suggests that Cd2+ caused developmental toxicity in Schizopygopsis younghusbandi larvae. An integrated assessment of biomarker response (IBR) showed that there were dose-dependent and time-dependent effects of Cd2+ exposure on Schizopygopsis younghusbandi larvae. Schizopygopsis younghusbandi larvae were sensitive to Cd2+, which caused adverse effects at a concentration as low as 2.5 μg/L. In summary, the results indicated that Cd2+ causes thyroid disruption and developmental toxicity in Schizopygopsis younghusbandi larvae and that wild Schizopygopsis younghusbandi larvae living in the Lhasa River are at potential ecological risk. The incidence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children is increasing. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) participate in many biological processes involved in the regulation of gene expression. Although numerous lncRNAs have been proven to be crucial in brain development and associated with its degeneration, changes in lncRNA expression profiles during ADHD progression and their possible roles remain unclear. The purpose of this study is to investigate the expression profiles of lncRNAs in hippocampus from an ADHD model in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and in normal control Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. We determined the expression profiles of lncRNAs and mRNAs in SHRs and WKY rats using microarray analysis technology. Then, differentially expressed lncRNAs were confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway analysis of differentially expressed mRNAs or nearby genes was used to predict the possible functions of the lncRNAs. A gene co-expression n the progression of ADHD, and identify potential therapeutic targets for ADHD treatment. Multi-brain network, also known as a social cooperative network, is formed by multiple animal or human brains, whose changes of functional connectivity in the intra- and inter-brain during construction are unclear at present. To investigate the intra- and inter-brain functional connectivity of pigeons while performing a social cooperation task, we designed a inter-brain synchronization task to train three pigeons to synchronize their neural activities using cross-brain neurofeedback. Then the neural signals of three pigeons were simultaneously recorded by using a hyperscanning approach, and inter-brain synchronization was calculated using the phase-locked value (PLV) online. Finally, the intra- and inter-brain functional connectivity of three pigeons were analyzed. We found that during long-term neurofeedback training, with the increasing of the inter-brain synchronization of three pigeons, the intra- and inter-brain functional connectivity also enhance significantly. Moreover, we also found that the above phenomenon relies on the external visual cue. These result suggest that the promotion of social cooperation is the result of the modulation between the intra- and inter-brain, which may be an underlying neural mechanism of communication and cooperation among individuals in social networks. During the last decades several new drug formulations were developed to target the central nervous system (CNS) from the nasal cavity. However, in these studies less attention was paid to the possible drug-drug interactions in case of multi-drug therapy. In our pilot study first we compared a nasal solution and a nasal gel to demonstrate their distribution in the nasal cavity (3D printed rat skull model and histology). Due to the aspiration induced high mortality at administration of nasal solution the study was continued only with the gel formulation of quinidine. The aim of our experiments was to identify the possible functional role of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in the drug absorption in nasal cavity and to test drug-drug interactions at nose-to-brain delivery. Therefore, a P-gp substrate model drug, quinidine was tested by intranasal (IN) administration in presence of PSC-833 (specific P-gp inhibitor) given intravenously (IV) or IN and adrenaline (IN) at low (50 ng) or high (20 μg) dose. In control animals the brain penetration of quinidine was at the level of detection limit, but in combination therapy with IV PSC-833 the brain levels increased dramatically, similarly to high dose IN adrenalin, where due to vasoconstriction peripheral distribution was blocked. These results indicate that P-gp has an important role in drug absorption and efflux at nasal cavity, while adrenaline is also able to modify the penetration profile of the P-gp substrate model drug at nasal application as it decreases nose-to-blood absorption, letting more quinidine to reach the brain along with the nasal nerves. Extensive clinical and experimental studies established that depression and mood disorders are highly prevalent neuropsychiatric conditions in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, its neurochemical basis is not clearly understood. Thus, understanding the neural mechanisms involved in mediating the co-morbidity of depression and AD may be crucial in exploring new pharmacological treatments for this condition. The present study investigated the role of the agmatinergic system in β-amyloid (Aββ1-42) peptide-induced depression using forced swim test (FST) in mice. Following the 28th days of its administration, Aβ1-42 peptide produced depression-like behavior in mice as evidenced by increased immobility time in FST and increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-6 and TNF-α compared to the control animals. The Aβ1-42 peptide-induced depression and neuroinflammatory markers were significantly inhibited by agmatine -, moxonidine, 2-BFI and l-arginine by once-daily administration during day 8-27 of the protocol. The antidepressant-like effect of agmatine in Aβ1-42 peptide in mice was potentiated by imidazoline receptor I1 agonist, moxonidine and imidazoline receptor I2 agonist 2-BFI at their sub-effective doses. On the other hand, it was completely blocked by imidazoline receptor I1 antagonist, efaroxan and imidazoline receptor I2 antagonist, idazoxan Also, agmatine levels were significantly reduced in brain samples of β-amyloid injected mice as compared to the control animals. In conclusion, the present study suggests the importance of endogenous agmatinergic system and imidazoline receptors system in β-amyloid induced a depressive-like behavior in mice. The data projects agmatine as a potential therapeutic target for the AD-associated depression and comorbidities. OBJECTIVE Multidrug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae which carries blaNDM-1 and blaKPC-2 genes is a worldwide concern and combination antimicrobial therapy may be the only viable option. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate in vitro activity of combinations of polymyxin B (PMB) with meropenem (MEM), amikacin (AMK) and gentamicin (GEN) in subinhibitory concentrations against two clinical isolates of blaNDM-1, blaKPC-2 and AMEs and resistant to polymyxin B. METHODS In this study, synergy and bactericidal activity were evaluated by checkerboard and time-kill, against two clinical isolates of polymyxin B-resistant K. pneumoniae which are resistant to polymyxin B (PMB) and are carriers of the blaNDM-1, blaKPC-2, aac(3)-IIa, aac(6)-Ib aph(3)-VI and ant(2)-Ia genes. Five combinations using the antimicrobials polymyxin B, meropenem (MEM), amikacin (AMK) and gentamicin (GEN) were evaluated. RESULTS The PMB / MEM and PMB / AMK combinations proved to be the best options against the K7R2 isolate, mainly because they demonstrated bactericidal activity when using subinhibitory concentrations of these antimicrobials.