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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represents a health problem with multidimensional impacts and heterogeneous respiratory involvement in children, probably due to the interaction between different and complex mechanisms that could explain its variable degrees of severity. Although the majority of reports reveal that children develop less severe cases, the number of patients is increasing with more morbidity. Most serious respiratory manifestations are acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and pneumonia. By understanding the key aspects that can be used to differentiate between pediatric and adult respiratory compromise by COVID-19, we can improve our knowledge, and thus decrease the negative impact of the disease in the pediatric population. In this mini review, we summarize some of the mechanisms and findings that distinguish between adult and pediatric COVID-19 and respiratory involvement, taking into account some issues related to the physiopathology, diagnosis, clinical and paraclinical presentation, severity, treatment, and control of the disease.Histamine acts by binding to four histamine receptors (H1 to H4), of which the H1 is known to participate in dilate blood vessels, bronchoconstriction, and pruritus. Olopatadine hydrochloride blocks the release of histamine from mast cells and it inhibits H1 receptor activation. Olopatadine hydrochloride is anti-allergic agent that is effectively used. The object of this study had conducted to compare the pharmacokinetics (PKs) and safety characteristics between olopatadine hydrochloride 5 mg (test formulation) and olopatadine hydrochloride 5 mg (reference formulation; Alerac ®) in Korean subjects. This study had conducted an open-label, randomized, fasting condition, single-dose, 2-treatment, 2-period, 2-way crossover. Subjects received single-dosing of reference formulation or test formulation in each period and blood samples were collected over 24 hours after administration for PK analysis. A wash-out period of 7 days was placed between the doses. Plasma concentration of olopatadine were determined using liquid chromatography-tandem spectrometry mass (LC-MS/MS). A total of 32 subjects were enrolled and 28 subjects completed. selleck chemicals llc There were not clinical significantly different in the safety between two treatment groups for 32 subjects who administered the study drug more than once. The geometric mean ratio of test formulation to reference formulation and its 90% confidence intervals for The peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and the areas under the plasma concentration-time curve from 0 to the last concentration (AUClast) were 1.0845 (1.0107-1.1637) and 1.0220 (1.0005-1.0439), respectively. Therefore, the test formulation was bioequivalent in PK characteristics and was equally safe as the reference formulation.

Clinical Research Information Service Identifier KCT0005943.

Clinical Research Information Service Identifier KCT0005943.For the treatment of hypertension, fixed-dose combinations (FDCs) of antihypertensive drugs can provide complementary benefits from improved compliance and cost-effectiveness compared with loose combinations of corresponding drugs. A new FDC of fimasartan/amlodipine/hydrochlorothiazide 60/10/25 mg is undergoing clinical development. A randomized, open-label, single-dose, 3-period, 3-sequence, partially replicated crossover phase 1 study was conducted to compare the pharmacokinetics (PKs) between the FDC of fimasartan/amlodipine/hydrochlorothiazide 60/10/25 mg and a loose combination of a dual-combination FDC (fimasartan/amlodipine 60/10 mg) and hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg. Sixty healthy subjects were randomized, and 55 subjects completed the study. Serial blood samples were collected, and plasma concentrations of fimasartan, amlodipine and hydrochlorothiazide were measured to analyze PK parameters. The PK profiles of the FDC were similar to those of the loose combinations. The geometric mean ratios (GMRs) and 90% confidence intervals (CIs) of the FDC to loose combinations for the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve until the last measurable time point (AUClast) were within the conventional bioequivalent range of 0.80 to 1.25. The GMRs and 90% CIs of fimasartan, amlodipine and hydrochlorothiazide were 1.0163 (0.8681-1.1898), 0.9595 (0.9256-0.9946), and 1.1294 (1.0791-1.1821) for Cmax and 1.0167 (0.9347-1.1059), 0.9575 (0.9317-0.9841), and 1.0561 (1.0170-1.0967) for AUClast, respectively. Both the FDC and loose combinations were well tolerated. In conclusion, the FDC of fimasartan/amlodipine/hydrochlorothiazide 60/10/25 mg showed similar PK profiles to those of the corresponding loose combination, and both treatments were well tolerated.Tenofovir is the representative treatment for human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus infection. This study was conducted to assess the pharmacokinetics (PKs) and safety characteristics after a single administration of tenofovir disoproxil phosphate compared to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in healthy male subjects. An open-label, randomized, single administration, two-treatment, two-sequence crossover study was conducted in 37 healthy volunteers. Serial blood samples were collected up to 72 hours. Non-compartmental analysis was used to calculate the PK parameters. The 90% confidence intervals (90% CIs) of the geometric mean ratio (GMR) were calculated for comparing tenofovir disoproxil phosphate to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Safety assessments were performed including clinical laboratory tests, adverse events, etc. during the study. The GMR and 90% CIs were 1.0514 (0.9527-1.1603) for Cmax and 1.0375 (0.9516-1.1311) for AUClast, respectively, and both fell within the conventional bioequivalence range of 0.8-1.25. Both tenofovir salt forms were tolerable. This study demonstrated that tenofovir disoproxil phosphate (292 mg) was bioequivalent to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (300 mg).Clozapine has been used as a treatment of schizophrenia. Despite its large interindividual variability, few reports addressed the physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation (PBPK M&S) of clozapine in patients. This study aimed to develop a PBPK M&S of clozapine in Korean patients with schizophrenia. PBPK modeling for clozapine was constructed using a population-based PBPK platform, the SimCYP® Simulator (V19; Certara, Sheffield, UK). The PBPK model was developed by optimizing the physiological parameters of the built-in population and compound libraries in the SimCYP® Simulator. The model verification was performed with the predicted/observed ratio for pharmacokinetic parameters and visual predictive checks (VPCs) plot. Simulations were performed to predict toxicities according to dosing regimens. From published data, 230 virtual trials were simulated for each dosing regimen. The predicted/observed ratio for the area under the curve and peak plasma concentration was calculated to be from 0.