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eters with clear functional meaning predicted mortality of COVID-19 patients. Combined with clinical features, the resulting predictive model showed higher discrimination/calibration.Adults infer that resources that become scarce over time are in higher demand, and use this "demand inference" to guide their own economic decisions. However, it is unclear when children begin to understand and use economic demand. In six experiments, we investigated the development of demand inference and demand-based economic decisions in 4- to 10-year-old children and adults in the United States. In Experiments 1-5, we showed children two boxes with the same number of compartments but containing different numbers of face-down stickers and varied the information provided about how those differences arose (e.g. that other children had taken the stickers). In separate experiments, we asked children to buy or trade to get a sticker for themselves or to predict what other children would do. We also asked them which set of stickers they thought the other children had preferred to assess their ability to make a demand inference separately from their own choice. Across experiments, children were able to make a demand inference about children's past preferences by 6 years of age. However, children did not use this demand information when making choices for themselves or when predicting what another child would select in the future. In Experiment 6, we adapted the task for adults and found that adult participants inferred that the set containing fewer resources was in higher demand, and selected the higher demand resource for themselves at rates significantly above chance. The overall pattern of results suggests a dissociation between economic inference and economic decisions during early-to-middle childhood. We discuss implications for our understanding of the development of economic reasoning.The ability to estimate proportions informs our immediate impressions of social environments (e.g., of the diversity of races or genders within a crowded room). This study examines how the distribution of attention during brief glances shapes estimates of group gender proportions. Performance-wise, subjects exhibit a canonical pattern of judgment errors small proportions are overestimated while large values are underestimated. Subjects' eye movements at sub-second timescales reveal that these biases follow from a tendency to visually oversample members of the gender minority. Rates of oversampling dovetail with average levels of error magnitudes, response variability, and response times. Visual biases are thus associated with the inherent difficulty in estimating particular proportions. All results are replicated at a within-subjects level with non-human ensembles using natural scene stimuli; the observed attentional patterns and judgment biases are thus not exclusively guided by face-specific visual properties. Our results reveal the biased distribution of attention underlying typical judgment errors of group proportions.Multi-component detection of insulin and glucose in serum is of great importance and urgently needed in clinical diagnosis and treatment due to its economy and practicability. However, insulin and glucose can hardly be determined by traditional electrochemical detection methods. Their mixed oxidation currents and rare involvement in the reaction process make it difficult to decouple them. In this study, AI algorithms are introduced to power the electrochemical method to conquer this problem. First, the current curves of insulin, glucose, and their mixed solution are obtained using cyclic voltammetry. Then, seven features of the cyclic voltammetry curve are extracted as characteristic values for detecting the concentrations of insulin and glucose. Finally, after training using machine learning algorithms, insulin and glucose concentrations are decoupled and regressed accurately. The entire detection process only takes three minutes. It can detect insulin at the pmol level and glucose at the mmol level, which meets the basic clinical requirements. The average relative error in predicting insulin concentrations is around 6.515%, and that in predicting glucose concentrations is around 4.36%. To verify the performance and effectiveness of the proposed method, it is used to determine the concentrations of insulin and glucose in fetal bovine serum and real clinical serum samples. The results are satisfactory, demonstrating that the method can meet basic clinical needs. This multi-component testing system delivers acceptable detect limit and accuracy and has the merits of low cost and high efficiency, holding great potential for use in clinical diagnosis.In this report, we demonstrate the advantages of the dual-mode operation of an enzymatic biosupercapacitor with nanostructured polypyrrole/nanocellulose, gold nanoparticle-based paper electrodes, sucrose as the anode fuel and molecular oxygen as the oxidant. The device allowed conversion of the sucrose biofuel, and offered storage of the generated power in the same, small-scale device. The external and internal biosupercapacitor re-charging modes were compared. The specific capacitance of the device was 1.8 F cm-2 at a discharge current density of 1 mA cm-2. The cell used in the charge/discharge mode of operation allowed retention of 49% of the initial capacitance after eight days of exhaustive discharging under external load. The discontinuous capacitive mode, preserved the biocatalysts activity for much longer time. The use of such enzyme-based electrical energy sources in the capacitive mode i.e. under discontinuous charging was demonstrated as a solution for preserving high specific capacitance and long-term operational stability.Label-free simultaneous detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD) specific biomarkers Aβ40 and Aβ42 peptides on a single platform using polypyrrole nanoparticle-based chemiresistive biosensors is reported here. The proposed interdigitated-microelectrode based inexpensive multisensor-platform can concurrently detect Aβ40 and Aβ42 in spiked-plasma in the range of 10-14 - 10-6 g/mL (with LoDs being 5.71 and 9.09 fg/mL, respectively), enabling the estimation of diagnostically significant Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio. A detailed study has been undertaken here to record the individual sensor responses against spiked-plasma samples with varying amounts and proportions of the two target peptides, towards enabling disease-progression monitoring using the Aβ-ratio. As compared to the existing cost-ineffective brain-imaging techniques such as PET and MRI, and the high-risk CSF based invasive AD biomarkers detecting procedures, the proposed approach offers a viable alternative for affordable point-of-care AD diagnostics, with possible usage in performance evaluation of therapeutic drugs. Towards point-of-care applications, the portable readout used in this work was conjugated with an android-based mobile app for data-acquisition and analysis.Harnessing interparticle spatial properties of surface assembly of nanoparticles (SAN) on flexible substrates is a rapidly emerging front of research in the design and fabrication of highly-sensitive strain sensors. It has recently shown promising potentials for applications in wearable sensors and skin electronics. SANs feature 3D structural tunability of the interparticle spatial properties at both molecular and nanoscale levels, which is transformative for the design of intriguing strain sensors. This review will present a comprehensive overview of the recent research development in exploring SAN-structured strain sensors for wearable applications. It starts from the basic principle governing the strain sensing characteristics of SANs on flexible substrates in terms of thermally-activated interparticle electron tunneling and conductive percolation. This discussion is followed by descriptions of the fabrication of the sensors and the proof-of-concept demonstrations of the strain sensing characteristics. The nanoparticles in the SANs are controllable in terms of size, shape, and composition, whereas the interparticle molecules enable the tunability of the electrical properties in terms of interparticle spatial properties. The design of SAN-derived strain sensors is further highlighted by describing several recent examples in the explorations of their applications in wearable biosensor and bioelectronics. Fundamental understanding of the role of interparticle spatial properties within SANs at both molecular and device levels is the focal point. The future direction of the SAN-derived wearable sensors will also be discussed, shining lights on a potential paradigm shift in materials design in exploring the emerging opportunities in wearable sensors and skin electronics.Lawsonia intracellularis is an economically important bacterium that causes ileitis in pigs. Current vaccines for L. intracellularis do not allow for differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA), which is beneficial for disease tracking and surveillance. Previously, we identified five putative surface L. intracellularis proteins that were targeted by antibodies from pigs infected with L. intracellularis which could serve as antigens in a subunit vaccine. We conducted two trials to determine whether these antigens were immunogenic and provided protection against infectious challenge and whether truncated glycoprotein D could be used as a DIVA antigen. For Trial 1, 5 week-old piglets were administered intramuscular monovalent vaccines comprised of a recombinant (r) flagella subunit protein (rFliC,) and DIVA antigen (truncated glycoprotein D (TgD), a herpes virus antigen) both formulated with a combination adjuvant consisting of polyinosinicpolycytidylic acid(poly IC), host defense peptide 1002ine produced significantly higher serum antibodies against rClpP and rMetK and significantly higher anti-rClpP IgA antibodies in the ileum relative to the control pigs. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis showed that 18 days after challenge with infectious L. intracellularis, challenged/control pigs and pigs that received the CM vaccine, but not the pigs vaccinated with the FOG vaccine, shed significantly more bacteria in feces than the unchallenged controls pigs. Saracatinib molecular weight These data suggest that the FOG vaccinated pigs showed limited protection. While promising, more work is needed to enhance the efficiency of the intramuscular vaccine to show significant disease protection.Low molecular weight thiols including trypanothione and glutathione play an important function in the cellular growth, maintenance and reduction of oxidative stress in Leishmania species. In particular, parasite specific trypanothione has been established as a prime target for new anti-leishmania drugs. Previous studies into the interaction of the front-line Sb(V) based anti-leishmanial drug meglumine antimoniate with glutathione, have demonstrated that a reduction pathway may be responsible for its effective and selective nature. The new suite of organometallic complexes, of general formula [MAr3(O2CR)2] (M = Sb or Bi) have been shown to have potential as new selective drug candidates. However, their behaviour towards the critical thiols glutathione and trypanothione is still largely unknown. Using NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry we have examined the interaction of the analogous Sb(V) and Bi(V) organometallic complexes, [SbPh3(O2CCH2(C6H4CH3))2] S1 and [BiPh3(O2CCH2(C6H4CH3))2] B1, with the trifluoroacetate (TFA) salt of trypanothione and L-glutathione.