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A new large-field, high-sensitivity, single-mirror coincident schlieren optical instrument has been installed at the Bauhaus-Universität Weimar for the purpose of indoor air research. Its performance is assessed by the non-intrusive measurement of the thermal plume of a heated manikin. The schlieren system produces excellent qualitative images of the manikin's thermal plume and also quantitative data, especially schlieren velocimetry of the plume's velocity field that is derived from the digital cross-correlation analysis of a large time sequence of schlieren images. The quantitative results are compared with thermistor and hot-wire anemometer data obtained at discrete points in the plume. Good agreement is obtained, once the differences between path-averaged schlieren data and planar anemometry data are reconciled. © 2020 The Authors. Indoor Air published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.BACKGROUND The dominant view based on the deficit model of developmental psychopathology is that early adverse rearing impairs cognition. In contrast, an emerging evolutionary-developmental model argues that individuals exposed to early-life stress may have improved cognitive abilities that are adapted to harsh environments. We set out to test this hypothesis by examining cognitive functions in parentally deprived children in Nigeria. METHODS Cognitive performance was compared between 53 deprived children who currently live in institutional homes and foster families and 51 nondeprived control participants. We used a multifaceted neurocognitive test battery for the assessment of inhibition, set-shifting and working memory. RESULTS Results showed that the deprived and nondeprived group did not significantly differ in their performance on set-shifting and inhibition tasks. Conversely, the deprived group performed significantly better than the nondeprived group in the working memory task. DISCUSSION We interpret the enhanced working memory ability of the deprived group as a correlate of its ecological relevance. In Nigeria, underprivileged children may need to rely to a larger extent on working memory abilities to attain success through academic work. This study provides further evidence that exposure to early adversity does not necessarily impair cognitive functions but can even enhance it under some conditions and in some domains. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.A promising combination of tamsulosin HCl and tadalafil has been recently introduced for treating two prevalent and associated urological disorders; benign prostate hyperplasia and erectile dysfunction. Novel HPTLC methods were designed and validated for assaying of the cited drugs in their challenging combined formulation. Separation was achieved using HPTLC silica gel 60 F254 plates as a stationary phase with a densitometric measurement at 280 nm. The proposed methods with two different chromatographic systems were successfully applied; a conventional mixture (method I) of ethyl acetate toluene methanol ammonia [5320.5, by volume] and a greener one (method II) with ethyl acetate ethanol ammonia [820.1, by volume]. The two methods were evaluated through a comparative study in terms of selectivity, tailing factor, developing time and concentration ranges. The greenness profile for each method was then appraised with several green guides namely; GlaxoSmithKline solvent sustainability guide, environmental, health and safety (EHS) tool, national environmental methods index (NEMI) and Eco-scale. Moreover, method specificity and peak homogeneity were evaluated by peak purity assessment using the winCATS® software spectral correlation tool. The methods have many potentials of being simple, fast, economic, selective and the greener one could be a good option for sustainable analysis of the drugs. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.The Rancho La Brea (RLB) fossil collection housed at the La Brea Tar Pits and Museum in Los Angeles, California, is one of the richest collections of carnivoran fossils in the world. The collection is also particularly well known for the preservation of rare and understudied bones in the tar, including the small bony apparatus that is of particular interest to this study, the hyoid. The La Brea collection houses hyoids from several extinct carnivoran species, some of the most common being those of Canis dirus (the dire wolf) and Canis latrans (the coyote). In this study, we compare fossilized hyoid elements from these two canids to samples from modern large congeners, namely Canis lupus (the gray wolf), Canis rufus (the red wolf), and modern C. latrans. Seven or nine measurements were taken on each bone of the hyoid apparatus, and principal component analyses were performed in order to determine statistical significance between species. For most of the bones, the majority of the variation was driven by size. s might have occurred at a lower frequency than those by C. lupus. Muramyl dipeptide RUNX activator Likewise, modern and fossil coyotes (Canis latrans) show a significant difference in basihyoid size and shape, potentially indicating that modern and ancient coyotes might have sounded differently. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.BACKGROUND Transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN) is characterized by tachypnea and signs of respiratory distress. Transient tachypnea typically appears within the first two hours of life in term and late preterm newborns. Supportive management might be sufficient. Non-invasive (i.e. without endotracheal intubation) respiratory support may, however, be administered to reduce respiratory distress during TTN. In addition, non-invasive respiratory support might improve clearance of lung liquid thus reducing the effort required to breathe, improving respiratory distress and potentially reducing the duration of tachypnea. OBJECTIVES To assess benefits and harms of non-invasive respiratory support for the management of transient tachypnea of the newborn. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2019, Issue 2), MEDLINE (1996 to 19 February 2019), Embase (1980 to 19 February 2019) and CINAHL (1982 to 19 February 2019). We applied no language restrictions. We searched clinical trial registries for ongoing studies.