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8%) cases, and 7/586 (1.2%) had growth of B. pseudomallei in culture. Patients with melioidosis had either pulmonary involvement, or bone and joint infections and deep abscesses.  Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus was the major risk factor. CONCLUSION The study foreshadows the need for prompt and accurate microbiological diagnosis along with a high index of suspicion from the clinicians in countries which are endemic for both melioidosis and tuberculosis, thus ameliorating the irrational anti-tuberculosis treatment. Copyright (c) 2020 Rahul Garg, Tushar Shaw, Kalwaje E Vandana, Rahul Magazine, Chiranjay Mukhopadhyay.INTRODUCTION The most prominent characteristic of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is impulsive behavior and deficits in executive functions, which require long-term organization and discipline. This may have serious implications in terms of adherence to treatment among adults living with HIV (PLWH). This study aimed to determine the prevalence of ADHD among non-perinatally infected PLWH and its effect on adherence to antiretroviral treatment (ART) and scheduled appointments. METHODOLOGY The PLWH admitted to our centers between January 2012 and February 2016 were invited to the study. ADHD diagnosis was made according to the novel criteria guided interviews. The first ART interruption for ≥ 6 days per month (≤ 80%) was defined as ART-event and the first non-attendance of any scheduled appointment was defined as appointment-event. Kaplan-Meier plot with a Log-rank test was used for event-free adherence (EFA). RESULTS Twenty-five patients out of 85 were diagnosed with ADHD (29.4 %) which was significantly higher than the highest percentage reported (7.3 %) for the general population (p less then 0.0001). Both ART-event (p = 0.0002) and appointment-event (p = 0.02) were significantly higher among ADHD participants compared to those without. Additionally, both ART-EFA (p = 0.00014) and appointment-EFA (p = 0.023) were significantly shorter among ADHD participants compared to those without. CONCLUSION ADHD is significantly higher in adult PLWH and people with ADHD had a significant tendency for non-adherence to ART and follow-up. Screening for ADHD as well as providing treatment when required would be beneficial to achieve and maintain virologic success. Copyright (c) 2020 Serhat Uysal, Hayriye Elbi, Gulsen Mermut, Ozen Onen Sertoz, Figen Kaptan, Demet Gulpek, Deniz Gokengin.INTRODUCTION Socioeconomic factors play an important role in the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection. The aim of this study is to investigate HP prevalence among symptomatic patients in the upper socioeconomic segment of the population undergoing gastroscopy in an endemic urban region. METHODOLOGY Over a 12-month period, data were collected from the first consecutive 1000 patients (500 from university hospital, 500 from community hospital) who had gastroscopy and HP evaluation. RESULTS Overall, 211/1000 patients (21.1 %) were found to have HP in gastric biopsies. The specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of rapid urease test were 87.5%, 99.7%, 99%, 96.5%, and 96.9% respectively. Atrophic gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers were significantly more common in HP positive patients. Age based distribution of HP prevalence > 6 decades (15.5%), 3rd-5th decades (26.1%), less then 3rd decades (10.4%). CONCLUSION In an HP endemic country, the prevalence of HP infection among symptomatic patients belonging to the upper socioeconomic segment of the population appears to be markedly lower. The lowest prevalence in young patients is expected to result in future decrease in HP prevalence. Copyright (c) 2020 Tan Attila, Mujdat Zeybel, Yesim Esen Yigit, Bulent Baran, Emel Ahishali, Emrah Alper, Fatih Aslan, Onder Ergonul, Zeynel Mungan.INTRODUCTION Staphylococcus aureus is considered one of the most important human pathogens, and its levels of resistance to methicillin have increased even in strains isolated from people without nosocomial risk factors. Molecular analysis is essential for understanding the patterns of dissemination. The objective of this study was to identify community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA) clones that infected Paraguayan children patients in two periods of time. AZD5582 METHODOLOGY An observational, descriptive study was designed to determine the genetic variability of 115 isolates of CA-MRSA recovered from children who attended four reference centers in Paraguay between 2009-2010 and 2012-2013. RESULTS The combined use of Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE), Multi-Locus Sequencing Typing, Multi-Locus Variable Analysis (MLVA) and Spa typing techniques allowed the identification of two dominant clones ST30-IV-t019 (77%) and ST5-IV-t311 (10%), and the establishment of the former as the leading cause of CA-MRSA infections in children during the study period. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study that provides epidemiological information as well as microbiological and molecular characteristics of CA-MRSA isolates recovered from children from Asunción and the Central Department of Paraguay. Copyright (c) 2020 Fatima Rodriguez, Claudia Salinas, Silvina Fernandez, Sol Haim, Marta Mollerach, Wilma Basualdo, Hector Castro, Beatriz Quinonez, Rocio Arguello, Monica Rodriguez, Lorena Grau, Carmen Espínola, Gladys Velazquez, Gloria Samudio, Gloria Gomez, Ana Campuzano, Juana Ortellado, Patricia Almada, Rosa Guillen.INTRODUCTION Several studies suggest increasing rates of antibiotic resistance among adult populations with Urinary tract infections (UTI). Escherichia coli (E. coli), is the predominant bacterium both in the community and in hospital environments causing uropathogenic infections. This study aimed to estimate the common uropathogen bacteria that cause UTI among outpatients as well as to determine the antibiotic resistance pattern of E. coli isolates among outpatients with UTI infections at Shaafi hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia. METHODOLOGY A cross-sectional study was conducted at Shaafi Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia. A total of 128 samples were collected from outpatients suspected of UTI and tested through bacteriological investigations and antimicrobial susceptibility tests following the Kirby-Bauer agar disc diffusion method. RESULTS E. coli was isolated in 34 (41%) out of the total 83 samples that showed growth followed by Staphylococcus aureus 22 (26.5%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 13 (15.7%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 8 (9.