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84; 95% CI, 1.29-2.61). The odds of patients reporting they received RAI was 55% lower among patients whose physicians reported they saw a higher volume of patients with thyroid cancer (40+ vs 0-20) (adjusted OR 0.45; 0.30-0.67).

Physician perspectives and attitudes about using RAI, as well as patient volume, influence RAI use for low-risk thyroid cancer. Efforts to reduce overuse of RAI in low-risk thyroid cancer should include interventions targeted toward physicians, in addition to patients.

Physician perspectives and attitudes about using RAI, as well as patient volume, influence RAI use for low-risk thyroid cancer. Efforts to reduce overuse of RAI in low-risk thyroid cancer should include interventions targeted toward physicians, in addition to patients.

Physical inactivity is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and dementia. However, it is unknown if physical activity (PA) intensity is associated with brain health in people with T2D. Therefore, this study aimed to determine 1) associations between PA intensity and step count with both cognition and brain structure and 2) if apolipoprotein E-ε4 (APOE-ε4) or insulin-therapy modifies any associations.

Participants were people with T2D (n=220; aged 55-86 years). An accelerometer worn over the left hip was used to obtain step count and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) averaged over 7 days. Cognition in 7 domains was obtained using a battery of neuropsychological tests. Brain structure was measured by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Linear regression models were used to examine associations between step count, MVPA and each cognitive and MRI measure. PI3K inhibitor APOE-ε4 x PA and insulin-therapy x PA product terms were added to the models to examine effect modification.

The mean age of participants was 67.9 (SD 6.3). Higher step count was associated with greater hippocampal volume (β=0.028 95%CI 0.005, 0.051). Insulin-therapy modified the association between MVPA and attention-processing speed, such that associations were significant in people receiving insulin-therapy (P for interaction=0.019). There were no other significant associations.

Higher step count and greater time spent in MVPA may be associated with better hippocampal volume and attention-processing speed respectively in people with T2D. People with greater diabetes severity (receiving insulin-therapy) may get more cognitive benefit from MVPA.

Higher step count and greater time spent in MVPA may be associated with better hippocampal volume and attention-processing speed respectively in people with T2D. People with greater diabetes severity (receiving insulin-therapy) may get more cognitive benefit from MVPA.

To correlate histologic activity in surveillance colonoscopies with the development of colorectal neoplasia in ulcerative colitis (UC).

Colorectal biopsies during surveillance (N=764) from 52 UC patients with colorectal neoplasia were compared to 122 patients without neoplasia enrolled in a prospective natural history registry. All biopsies were scored using validated histologic scoring systems (Geboes score, Nancy histopathologic index (NHI), and Robarts histopathologic index (RHI)). Clinical, endoscopic, and histologic data were correlated with the development of colorectal neoplasia.

In multivariable analysis, mean RHI (HR 1.07 for each 1-unit increase in RHI, 95% CI 1.03-1.12, P=0.002) and mean NHI (HR 1.89 for each 1-unit increase in NHI, 95% CI 1.34-2.67, P=0.002) for the entire surveillance period were significantly associated with colorectal neoplasia development. Shorter surveillance interval and increasing age were associated with increased risk of neoplasia development whereas mean Mayo endoscopic score was not significant. To generate a clinically useful measure of neoplasia risk, mean histologic activity in the preceding 5 years before study endpoint was correlated with neoplasia development. In the preceding 5 years of surveillance, a mean RHI ≥ 8 had a 7.53-fold increased risk (95% CI 2.56-12.16, P<0.001) and mean NHI ≥ 1.9 had a 5.89-fold increased risk (95% CI 2.18-15.92, P<0.001) of developing colorectal neoplasia.

Persistent histologic activity during multiple surveillance episodes is an independent predictor of colorectal neoplasia. Mean RHI and mean NHI during a 5-year colonoscopic surveillance period can be used to assess risk for colorectal neoplasia and optimize UC surveillance.

Persistent histologic activity during multiple surveillance episodes is an independent predictor of colorectal neoplasia. Mean RHI and mean NHI during a 5-year colonoscopic surveillance period can be used to assess risk for colorectal neoplasia and optimize UC surveillance.

Later adult work attachments and exits are in flux, suggesting the need for understanding both the range of contemporary population-level pathways of work and non-work and variations by overlapping social locations. We document patterned continuity and change in monthly work attachments and analyze the intersecting effects of age, gender, education, and race/ethnicity.

We capitalize on massive micro-level 16-month panel data from the Current Population Survey (CPS) from 2008 through 2016 to empirically identify patterned pathways of monthly states working full time, long hours, part time; being self-employed or unemployed; not working because of a disability, due to family care or other reasons, or because one defines oneself as retired.

Analyses of 346,488 American women and men ages 50 to 75 reveal patterned elasticity in the timing and nature of work attachments in the form of six distinctive pathways. Our intersectional analyses illustrate divergences and disparities advantages for educated white me-work. We recommend additional scholarship on the dynamics of constrained and disparate choices unfolding across multiple intersecting social locations.The polypeptide extract of the dry mycelium of Penicillium chrysogenum (PDMP) can protect tobacco plants from tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), although the mechanism underlying PDMP-mediated TMV resistance remains unknown. In our study, we analysed a potential mechanism via RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and found that the abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthetic pathway and β-1,3-glucanase, a callose-degrading enzyme, might play an important role in PDMP-induced priming of resistance to TMV. To test our hypothesis, we successfully generated a Nicotiana benthamiana ABA biosynthesis mutant and evaluated the role of the ABA pathway in PDMP-induced callose deposition during resistance to TMV infection. Our results suggested that PDMP can induce callose priming to defend against TMV movement. PDMP inhibited TMV movement by increasing callose deposition around plasmodesmata, but this phenomenon did not occur in the ABA biosynthesis mutant; moreover, these effects of PDMP on callose deposition could be rescued by treatment with exogenous ABA.