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To explore whether Skog's theory of collectivity of drinking cultures is valid across groups with different socioeconomic position (SEP).

Individual-level information on alcohol consumption and SEP for the years 2004-2014 were retrieved from the Monitoring Project; a nationally representative monthly alcohol use survey. The analytical sample consisted of 162 369 respondents aged 25-79 years. SEP was measured by education level. Alcohol use was measured by yearly volume of consumption and frequency of heavy episodic drinking (HED). Respondents were divided into six SEP-groups based on their education level and sex. Mean yearly volume consumption and prevalence of monthly HED was calculated for each group and graphically plotted against the overall mean volume of consumption.

The yearly changes in overall mean consumption during the study period reflected a collective shift in drinking across groups with basic, intermediate and high education. There were also indications that changes in overall mean consumption reflected collective shifts in the prevalence of HED across the SEP-groups. Moreover, while the magnitude of the associations for both average volume and HED differed somewhat in strength across the SEP-groups, they were clearly in the same, positive, direction.

Our findings add support for including a socioeconomic dimension to Skog's theory of collectivity of drinking cultures. Future studies should replicate our analyses on cases and periods with more tangible changes in the price and availability of alcohol.

Our findings add support for including a socioeconomic dimension to Skog's theory of collectivity of drinking cultures. Future studies should replicate our analyses on cases and periods with more tangible changes in the price and availability of alcohol.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is associated with multiple environmental and genetic risk factors. Two main risk factors for AMD are variants in the CFH and ARMS2/HTRA1 genes. We investigated over 2000 variants in AMD patients and controls using high-throughput sequencing methods to search for variants associated with AMD.

A total of 296 AMD patients and 100 controls were enrolled in this study. Genetic analysis was performed with the Illumina NextSeq 500 system.

Multivariate analysis of patients and controls, adjusted for age, sex and smoking status (pack-years), revealed that three SNPs were strong risk factors independently associated with AMD CFH Y402H, ARMS A69S and PRPH2 c.582-67T>A (rs3818086). The TC genotype in CFH Y402H was associated with 1.90-fold higher odds, and the CC genotype was associated with 5.66-fold higher odds of AMD compared with the TT genotype. The GT genotype in ARMS A69S was associated with 2.40-fold higher odds, and the TT genotype was associated with 6.75-fold higher odds of disease compared with the GG genotype. 2-Hydroxybenzylamine In the case of rs3818086, the A allele could be considered a 'risk' allele, since AA+TA genotypes were associated with 2.33-fold higher odds of AMD compared with the TT genotype.

Although PRPH2 mutations have been previously implicated in various forms of retinal degeneration, to the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to show that the rs3818086 variant increases the risk for AMD more than two times. Further studies on larger cohorts are required to elucidate how this variant affects protein structure.

Although PRPH2 mutations have been previously implicated in various forms of retinal degeneration, to the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to show that the rs3818086 variant increases the risk for AMD more than two times. Further studies on larger cohorts are required to elucidate how this variant affects protein structure.Magnetorheological fluids (MRF) are suspensions of magnetic particles that solidify in the presence of a magnetic field. While non-magnetic additives could improve MRF performance, explorations into such additives have not coalesced into an understanding of their influence, and particularly the role of additive morphology. Here, we explore α-Ni(OH)2 2D sheets, with aspect ratios of ∼25,000, as highly anisotropic MRF additives. Experiments studying pressure-driven flow of an MRF with and without these sheets show that their addition can increase the saturation pressure by as much as 46 %. However, shear-mode rheology reveals that they can also weaken the MRF by inhibiting the chaining of the iron particles at low field strengths and have no effect at higher field strengths. In order to reconcile the strikingly different results, we propose that 2D materials introduce a non-Newtonian handle to modify smart fluids in a manner that depends on the curvature of the shearing strain rate profile. Specifically, we identify a modification to the Buckingham-Reiner model of pressure-driven flow for a Bingham plastic in which the sheets widen the solidified plug. This work highlights the subtle interaction between particles in smart fluids and flows while emphasizing the opportunity for using anisotropy to tune this interaction.

To evaluate bone height and thickness in the mandibular buccal shelf region and to compare differences between anatomical sites according to gender, side and vertical and sagittal skeletal patterns.

Multislice computed tomography (MSCT) images of 94 subjects (51 females and 43 males) were previously obtained as part of preoperative planning for orthognathic surgery.

Measurements were performed in three different regions of the mandibular buccal shelf mesially, towards the central groove and distally to the second molars. Bone thickness measurements were obtained perpendicularly 3, 5 and 7mm below the bone crest towards the mandible outer cortex. Bone height was measured 3mm away from the bone crest perpendicularly to the outer cortex of the base of mandible.

There was an increase in bone thickness in the posterior and basal directions. The increase in bone thickness ranged from 1.8 to 7.1mm. Greater bone height was found in the anterior direction. The increase in bone height ranged from 17.5 to 22.5mm. Hypodivergent and Class III subjects showed significantly greater bone thickness (P<.05). Significantly greater bone height was found mesially to the second molar in Class III subjects compared with Class I subjects (P<.05) and in hyperdivergent males compared with hypodivergent males (P<.05).

The region distal to the second molar is the most appropriate for the insertion of extra-alveolar mini-screws in terms of bone thickness. Hypodivergent and Class III subjects showed greater bone thickness in the mandibular buccal shelf region.

The region distal to the second molar is the most appropriate for the insertion of extra-alveolar mini-screws in terms of bone thickness. Hypodivergent and Class III subjects showed greater bone thickness in the mandibular buccal shelf region.