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Based on the published retrospective data, DR may be effective in patients who initially responded to docetaxel and maintained a progression-free interval exceeding 6 months.For the first time, a review article focuses exclusively on the role of the protein kinase CK2 in mono- and poly-nucleated mammalian skeletal muscle cells. While CK2, a pleiotropic serine/threonine kinase was originally thought to phosphorylate mainly casein, later evidence found glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase also to be a target, linking the enzyme to muscle biology. Indeed, recent studies have shown that CK2 is involved in many different steps in the biology of striated skeletal muscle, such as myogenesis and homeostasis in the adult muscle, and even at the neuromuscular junctions, the points of contact between the muscle fibers and the motor nerves end. Next to the role of CK2 in muscle physiology, this review also highlights the contribution of CK2 in muscle pathologies, such as muscle tumors and myopathies.Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that is required for cellular homeostasis, growth and survival. In a recent study, Scotto-Rosato et al. demonstrate that TRPML1-mediated calcium release promotes autophagosome biogenesis by activating the CaMKKβ/VPS34 pathway, providing a new insight into the pathophysiological role of TRPML1 in human diseases.Purple non-sulfur bacteria (PNSB), most commonly called photobacteria, are a group of photoheterotrophic bacteria well known for their ability to produce hydrogen while degrading several carbon substrates, such as organic acids and carbohydrates, as well as organic matter in wastewater and effluents from other processes, such as dark fermentation. Given that this group of photobacteria is also capable of accumulating polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) as a storage compound, this review paper aims to present and discuss the different operational and nutritional conditions reported in the literature that favor PHB production by PNSB in order to guide the process conditions that should be used. A comparison of the accumulated PHB content among different PNSB strains on several carbon and nitrogen sources and concentrations is also outlined. This paper also addresses some future perspectives for PHB production, such as the use of wastewater as a substrate and mixed cultures to reduce economic costs and the environmental impact and make the PHB production process more profitable, sustainable and attractive.DNA contains the genetic code, which provides complete information about the synthesis of proteins in every living cell. Each gene encodes for a corresponding protein but most of the DNA sequence is non-coding. In addition to this non-coding part of the DNA, there is another redundancy, namely a multiplicity of DNA triplets (codons) corresponding to code for a given amino acid. In this paper we investigate possible physical reasons for the coding redundancy, by exploring free energy considerations and abundance probabilities as potential insights.The negative impact of endocrine-disrupting pesticides on human fertility is now a key issue in reproductive health. There are much fewer literature data about the impact of pesticide exposure on women than on men, and very few studies of women participating in an in vitro fertilization (IVF) programme. In the present review, we found that (i) various pesticides with an endocrine-disrupting action are associated with poor oocyte maturation and competency, embryonic defects, and poor IVF outcomes, and (ii) some pesticide compounds are linked to specific causes of female infertility, such as premature ovarian insufficiency, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and endometriosis. IVF participants living in agricultural regions should be informed about the fertility decline, low ongoing pregnancy rates and elevated risk of miscarriage associated with exposure to high doses of pesticides.In most species, survival relies on the hypothalamic control of endocrine axes that regulate critical functions such as reproduction, growth, and metabolism. For decades, the complexity and inaccessibility of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis has prevented researchers from elucidating the relationship between the activity of endocrine hypothalamic neurons and pituitary hormone secretion. Indeed, the study of central control of endocrine function has been largely dominated by 'traditional' techniques that consist of studying in vitro or ex vivo isolated cell types without taking into account the complexity of regulatory mechanisms at the level of the brain, pituitary and periphery. Nowadays, by exploiting modern neuronal transfection and imaging techniques, it is possible to study hypothalamic neuron activity in situ, in real time, and in conscious animals. Deep-brain imaging of calcium activity can be performed through gradient-index lenses that are chronically implanted and offer a 'window into the brain' to image multiple neurons at single-cell resolution. With this review, we aim to highlight deep-brain imaging techniques that enable the study of neuroendocrine neurons in awake animals whilst maintaining the integrity of regulatory loops between the brain, pituitary and peripheral glands. read more Furthermore, to assist researchers in setting up these techniques, we discuss the equipment required, and include a practical step-by-step guide to performing these deep-brain imaging studies.Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-specific neurodegenerative disease that compromises cognitive functioning and impacts the quality of life of an individual. Pathologically, AD is characterised by abnormal accumulation of beta-amyloid (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Despite research advances over the last few decades, there is currently still no cure for AD. Although, medications are available to control some behavioural symptoms and slow the disease's progression, most prescribed medications are based on cholinesterase inhibitors. Over the last decade, there has been increased attention towards novel drugs, targeting alternative neurotransmitter pathways, particularly those targeting serotonergic (5-HT) system. In this review, we focused on 5-HT receptor (5-HTR) mediated signalling and drugs that target these receptors. These pathways regulate key proteins and kinases such as GSK-3 that are associated with abnormal levels of Aβ and tau in AD. We then review computational studies related to 5-HT signalling pathways with the potential for providing deeper understanding of AD pathologies.