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ginal 3D MR sequences.

Tritium collection efficiency varies as a function of smear media. The use of porous smear materials leads to an increase in the measured tritium activity as a function of time when the measurement is performed with liquid scintillation counters. Operational inclusion of the efficiency differences and the time dependence of the tritium smear activity is necessary to preclude inadvertently releasing materials or areas. Thomas Jefferson National Laboratory Radiological Control Department identified a contaminated stainless steel containment vessel that previously housed a target containing more than 37 TBq of tritium. The item was systematically sectioned and surveyed to compare three smear types water-wetted cotton swabs, water-wetted paper smears, and ethanol-wetted Styrofoam wipes (NUC-Wipes™). The total activity of each section was determined using repeated decontamination. The time dependence of the measured activity was also studied. The measured activity of both paper smears and cotton swabs showed sig TBq of tritium. The item was systematically sectioned and surveyed to compare three smear types water-wetted cotton swabs, water-wetted paper smears, and ethanol-wetted Styrofoam wipes (NUC-Wipes™). The total activity of each section was determined using repeated decontamination. The time dependence of the measured activity was also studied. The measured activity of both paper smears and cotton swabs showed significant time dependence. The cotton swabs also showed significantly reduced collection efficiency. Given the widespread use of both of these media in routine contamination surveys, site operational limits were derived using fitted curves for time dependence and average efficiency results. The use of these more restrictive limits allows for rapid measurement of tritium smears while ensuring regulatory compliance.

The national status and dose trends on the occupational exposure to ionizing radiation in industrial practices for 2009-2018 in China are presented in terms of seven occupational categories. A total of 504,538 industrial radiation workers were monitored for the period 2009-2018, with a continuous increase in the number of workers from 23,789 in 2009 to 66,017 in 2018. The annual average effective doses were 0.399, 0.425, 0.392, 0.376, 0.346, 0.355, 0.312, 0.305, 0.270, and 0.230 mSv from 2009 to 2018, respectively, which were well lower than the recommended occupational dose limit of 20 mSv y-1 for radiation workers. The Mann-Kendall test result shows a statistically significant decreasing trend at a rate of 0.02 mSv y-1 in average annual effective doses (p<0.001). click here In addition, more than 95.4% of radiation workers in industrial practices received an average annual effective dose less than the public dose limit of 1 mSv. It was also found that the average annual effective doses in industrial radiography ag trend at a rate of 0.02 mSv y-1 in average annual effective doses (p less then 0.001). In addition, more than 95.4% of radiation workers in industrial practices received an average annual effective dose less than the public dose limit of 1 mSv. It was also found that the average annual effective doses in industrial radiography and well logging were significantly higher than those in five other categories (p less then 0.001). Based on these observations, it is still necessary to control and manage the workplace and radiation workers to control occupational exposure as low as reasonably achievable, especially for the workers engaged in these two activities.

This paper provides a history of the radiation warning sign with a focus on the period from 1946 to 1948. It employs previously unpublished material from the University of California Radiation Laboratory's Health Chemistry Group, the memoirs of John Gifford, and an account by George Warlick. Also considered is an alternative version of the sign's origin described by Cyrill Orly.

This paper provides a history of the radiation warning sign with a focus on the period from 1946 to 1948. It employs previously unpublished material from the University of California Radiation Laboratory's Health Chemistry Group, the memoirs of John Gifford, and an account by George Warlick. Also considered is an alternative version of the sign's origin described by Cyrill Orly.

Some basic methods of measuring radiostrontium activity by spectroscopic methods are considered in this study. These methods of assessing beta spectra and the characteristic radiation that accompanies the breakdown of radiostrontium are described. The sensitivity of these methods based on the assessments of beta spectra both after radiochemical procedures and without radiochemistry is presented. The objective of this paper is to review the spectroscopic procedures that have been developed and used to determine radiostrontium in various matrices; they are focused on modern methods. Samples of fuel particles of different origins, obtained from the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Unit 4, were analyzed using the methods presented in this study.

Some basic methods of measuring radiostrontium activity by spectroscopic methods are considered in this study. These methods of assessing beta spectra and the characteristic radiation that accompanies the breakdown of radiostrontium are described. The sensitivity of these methods based on the assessments of beta spectra both after radiochemical procedures and without radiochemistry is presented. The objective of this paper is to review the spectroscopic procedures that have been developed and used to determine radiostrontium in various matrices; they are focused on modern methods. Samples of fuel particles of different origins, obtained from the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Unit 4, were analyzed using the methods presented in this study.

In light of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, how resources are managed and the critically ill are allocated must be reviewed. Although ethical recommendations have been published, strategies for dealing with overcapacity of critical care resources have so far not been addressed.

Assess expert opinion for allocation preferences regarding the growing imbalance between supply and demand for medical resources.

A 10-item questionnaire was developed and sent to the most prominent members of the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care (ESAIC).

Survey via a web-based platform.

Respondents were members of the National Anaesthesiologists Societies Committee and Council Members of the ESAIC; 74 of 80 (92.5%), responded to the survey.

Responses were analysed thematically. The majority of respondents (83.8%), indicated that resources for COVID-19 were available at the time of the survey. Of the representatives of the ESAIC governing bodies, 58.9% favoured an allocation of excess critical care capacity 69% wished to make them available to supraregional patients, whereas 30.