Teaguewu1050

However, the clinical utility of such endeavours remains limited due to challenges in data collection and annotation, model training, and the reliability of AI-generated information. We provide a review of recent advances in addressing the above challenges. First, to overcome the challenge of data paucity, different image imputation and synthesis techniques along with annotation collection efforts are summarized. Next, various training strategies are presented to meet multiple desiderata, such as model performance, generalization ability, data privacy protection, and learning with sparse annotations. Finally, standardized performance evaluation and model interpretability methods have been reviewed. We believe that these technical approaches will facilitate the development of a fully-functional AI tool in the clinical care of patients with gliomas. © 2020 IOP Publishing Ltd.Considering a quantum network, here we propose two kinds of circular charge currents. These are referred as net current in the full system and the current confined within a particular segment of the network. The network is composed of two rings, where one of the rings is subjected to a magnetic flux. Depending on the connectivity among the rings a new kind of states, insensitive to the magnetic flux, is generated along with the current carrying states. Because of this, a pronounced oscillation in net current with filling factor appears which suggests a possible switching action. Appearance of these vanishing current carrying states gradually decreases with increasing the degree of connectivity between the rings. As long as the rings are coupled by using more than a single bond, a circular current of other kind appears in the flux free ring which induces a strong magnetic field. The strength of this induced magnetic field can be regulated selectively by tuning the magnetic flux in the other ring. This phenomenon can be utilized for spin switching and other spintronic applications. Finally, we examine the role of non-uniform disorder on these currents, and find several atypical signatures. Our study can be generalized to any higher loop system for investigating magneto-transport properties. © 2020 IOP Publishing Ltd.The WO3 as an important semiconductor has attracted widespread attention for supercapacitors. However, the applications of WO3 are limited by the poor performance of capacitance and conductivity. In this paper, a novel method is presented for preparing a WO3/reduced graphene oxide (RGO) composite, based on the poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) as linker. The PIL makes the tight contact of WO3 and graphene for well utilizing the excellent electrical conductivity of graphene. The results of the morphology for the as prepared WO3/PIL/RGO composite indicates that the WO3 nanoparticles distribute uniformly on the surface of RGO. In addition, the WO3/PIL/RGO electrode displays much higher specific capacitance of 316 F•g-1 at 1 A•g-1 than that of the pure WO3 electrode. Furthermore, the WO3/PIL/RGO as a promising electrode material, also has good rate and long cycling performance for supercapacitors. © 2020 IOP Publishing Ltd.Positron emission tomography and prompt gamma detection are promising proton therapy monitoring modalities. Fast calculation of the expected distributions is desirable for comparison to measurements and to develop/train algorithms for automatic treatment error detection. A filtering formalism was used for positron-emitter predictions and adapted to allow for its use for the beamline of any proton therapy centre. A novel approach based on a filtering formalism was developed for the prediction of energy-resolved prompt-gamma distributions for arbitrary tissues. The method estimates prompt-gamma yields and their energy spectra in the entire treatment field. Both approaches were implemented in a research version of the RayStation treatment planning system. The method was validated against positron emission tomography monitoring data and Monte Carlo simulations for four patients treated with scanned proton beams. Longitudinal shifts between profiles from analytical and Monte Carlo calculations were within -1.7 and 0.9 mm, with maximum standard deviation of 0.9 mm and 1.1 mm, for positron-emitters and prompt-gamma shifts, respectively. Normalized mean absolute errors were within 1.2 and 5.3%. When comparing measured and predicted PET data, the same more complex case yielded an average shift of 3 mm, while all other cases were below absolute average shifts of 1.1 mm. Normalized mean absolute errors were below 7.2% for all cases. A novel solution to predict positron-emitter and prompt-gamma distributions in a treatment planning system is proposed, enabling calculation times of only a few seconds to minutes for entire patient cases, which is suitable for integration in daily clinical routine. Creative Commons Attribution license.e show experimentally that the ferroelectric HfZrO induces a bandgap of 0.18 eV in graphene monolayer. The experiments are performed on top-gate graphene/HfZrO transistors showing a very high transconductance of 1 mS and very carrier mobilities of 7900 cm2/Vs. SiC and hexagonal boron nitride induce also a bandgap in graphene, but HfZrO is a CMOS compatible material which can be deposited on large Si wafers. © 2020 IOP Publishing Ltd.Silver nano-islands are key platforms for plasmonic photocatalysis, SERS sensing and optical metamaterials due to their localized surface plasmon resonances. The low intrinsic loss in Ag enables high local electromagnetic field enhancements. Solution-based fabrication techniques, while cheap and compatible with high throughput, result in highly non-reproducible plasmonic substrates with wide sample-to-sample variability in geometry, optical resonances and Q-factors. Herein, we present a non-lithographic method of forming silver nano-islands based on sputter deposition of Ag films followed by elevated temperature annealing to induce spontaneous dewetting. The resulting plasmonic substrates show reproducible, well-defined LSPR resonances with high ensemble Q-factors whose optical properties could be modeled using spectroscopic ellipsometry to yield n and k values across the visible range. Our vacuum deposited Ag nanoislands demonstrated excellent photocatalytic activity for the transformation of 4-nitrobenzenethiol (4-NBT) and 4-aminothiophenol (PATP) into p,p'-dimercaptoazobenzene (DMAB). © 2020 IOP Publishing Ltd.We study two coupled 3D lattices, one of them featuring uncorrelated on-site disorder and the other one being fully ordered, and analyze how the interlattice hopping affects the localization-delocalization transition of the former and how the latter responds to it. We find that moderate hopping pushes down the critical disorder strength for the disordered channel throughout the entire spectrum compared to the usual phase diagram for the 3D Anderson model. In that case, the ordered channel begins to feature an effective disorder also leading to the emergence of mobility edges but with higher associated critical disorder values. Both channels become pretty much alike as their hopping strength is further increased, as expected. We also consider the case of two disordered components and show that in the presence of certain correlations among the parameters of both lattices, one obtains a disorder-free channel decoupled from the rest of the system. © 2020 IOP Publishing Ltd.OBJECTIVE We introduce a novel, phase-based, functional connectivity descriptor that encapsulates not only the synchronization strength between distinct brain regions, but also the time-lag between the involved neural oscillations. The new estimator employs complex-valued measurements and results in a brain network sketch that lives on the smooth manifold of Hermitian Positive Definite (HPD) matrices. APPROACH Leveraging the HPD property of the proposed descriptor, we adapt a recently introduced dimensionality reduction methodology that is based on Riemannian Geometry and discriminatively detects the recording sites which best reflect the differences in network organization between contrasting recording conditions in order to overcome the problem of high-dimensionality, usually encountered in the connectivity patterns derived from multisite encephalographic recordings. MAIN RESULTS The proposed framework is validated using an EEG dataset that refers to the challenging problem of differentiating between attentive and passive visual responses. We provide evidence that the reduced connectivity representation facilitates high classification performance and caters for neuroscientific explorations. SIGNIFICANCE Our paper is the very first that introduces an advanced connectivity descriptor that can take advantage of Riemannian geometry tools. The proposed descriptor, that inherently and simultaneously captures both the strength and the corresponding time-lag of the phase synchronization, is the first phase-based descriptor tailored to leverage the benefits of Remanian geometry. Trichostatin A order © 2020 IOP Publishing Ltd.Possible half-metallic behavior was explored in 3d-transition-metal (Fe, Co, and Ni) decorated two-dimensional polyaniline (C₃N) on the basis of density-functional theory. 3d-transition-metal atoms would prefer to adsorb on top of the carbon hexagonal ring. The calculated electronic structures suggest the Fe and Co decorated polyanilines ((C₃N)₂Fe and (C₃N)₂Co) are magnetic half-metals, while the Ni-decorated polyaniline ((C₃N)₂Ni) is a nonmagnetic semiconductor with an enlarged band gap. In (C₃N)₂Fe, the half-metallic energy window can be as large as 0.7 eV. Interestingly, there are two half-metallic energy windows with opposite spins near Fermi level in (C₃N)₂Co. The energy windows and band gaps can be modulated by the distance between 3d-transition-metal atoms and C₃N. Due to the large half-metallic energy window and the appropriate band gap, 3d-transition-metal decorated C₃N may be used in nanoscale spintronic devices. © 2020 IOP Publishing Ltd.We developed and implemented a numerical code called SAKE, which stands for (Simulation code for Atomistic Kohn-Sham Equation). We developed it for first-principle electron transport calculations based on density-functional theory and non-equilibrium Green's function formalism. First, we present the central calculation parts of the formalism of the electronic states and transport properties for open and non-equilibrium systems. We show specific computational techniques, such as the use of a complex contour integration for charge density from the density matrix, which is compared with the calculation method of summing the residues of the Fermi-Dirac distribution, as well as the efficient achievement of the self-consistent procedures. Thereafter, for applications of the present computation code, SAKE, we present first- principle calculation results of three different systems. We first analyze electronic structures of polythiophene molecular wires, compare summation techniques for the density matrix. We show thermoelectric properties of an n-type antiferromagnetic semiconductor CuFeS2as a second application. The electrical conductance, electrical thermal conductance, and the Seebeck coefficients with carrier doping are examined, and the analytical form of the Seebeck coefficient is briefly described. For the third application, we analyze the electron transport properties of polyaniline molecular wires under structural deformations,i.e.rotations around the transport direction. The thermally averaged current-voltage characteristics are also analyzed. The results show that the current decreases as the temperature increases which are determined based on the competition between the thermal energy and the electronic energy, which increases with the rotation angle. © 2020 IOP Publishing Ltd.