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10 among children age less then 1 year, 0.15 for age 1, 0.23 for age 2, and 0.20 for age 3-4 years. The average annual case fatality rate was higher in the South (0.12) than West (0.10), Midwest (0.09), and Northeast (0.08) among children less then 1 year of age. CONCLUSIONS Black and Hispanic children and hospitals in the Midwest experienced higher incidence of AHT than White children and Northeast hospitals, respectively, especially in cases less then 1 year of age. Case fatality rates increased significantly with age, and the South experienced the highest rates for infants less then 1 year. BACKGROUND Heat shock protein beta-1 (HSPB1) is a ubiquitously expressed molecular chaperone that is important in protecting cells against cellular injury. Mutations in this protein are known to cause autosomal dominant hereditary distal axonal neuropathies, including Charcot Marie Tooth disease type 2F (CMT2F) and distal hereditary motor neuropathy (dHMN). However, patients with HSPB1 mutations have also been described with upper motor neuron signs. We present five patients with mutations in HSPB1 who presented with a range of clinical phenotypes related to different patterns of motor neuron dysfunction. Three of these mutations have not been previously reported. METHODS Patients were seen at our neuromuscular or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) clinics. Gene sequencing was carried out as part of diagnostic investigations. Detailed clinical and electrophysiologic data was collected. RESULTS Five patients had variants of HSPB1. Three patients had a hereditary length-dependent sensori-motor axonal neuropathy consistent with Charcot Marie Tooth type 2 (CMT2); two of these patients carried novel mutations in the C-terminal region (p.Glu186* and p.Pro170Thr). One patient had the clinical picture of ALS and a novel missense mutation (p.Arg27Leu) in the N-terminal region. Another patient had the phenotype of hereditary spastic paraparesis (HSP) associated with a missense mutation (p.Gly84Arg) already described in families with CMT or dHMN. KP-457 mouse CONCLUSION This study describes three novel mutations of HSPB1 and describes two patients with upper motor neurone signs associated with HSPB1 mutations. Crown V. All rights reserved.Beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) is an oligosaccharide commonly used to improve the aqueous solubility of lipophilic drugs (e.g., dexamethasone, DEX). Here we present the development of a drug delivery system to provide sustained release of DEX by β-CD-inclusion complex (IC) to amplify the mineralization capacity of stem cells from human-extracted deciduous teeth (SHEDs) as a potential direct pulp capping strategy. First, IC of DEX (DEX-CD-IC) was synthesized with β-CD. To confirm DEX-CD-IC complex formation, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses were performed. XRD data indicated that IC formation was achieved due to formation of a new crystalline structure, whereas FTIR revealed the presence of the IC from the shifting of the peaks of each component in DEX-CD-IC. Then, electrospun poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid, PLGA) fibers (PLGA/DEX-CD-IC) were processed by varying the concentration of DEX-CD-IC (5%, 10 %, and 15 %). The release of DEX from fibers was determined by ultraperformance liquid chromatography for 28 days. Thanks to the solubility enhancement of DEX by IC, electrospun PLGA/DEX-CD-IC fibers released DEX in a more sustained fashion compared to PLGA/DEX fibers. No deleterious effect was found in terms of SHEDs' proliferation when cultured with or on electrospun fibers, regardless of the IC presence. Importantly, a more pronounced odontogenic differentiation was stimulated by electrospun fibers loaded with the lowest DEX-CD-IC concentration (5%), as a result of the sustained DEX release. In sum, PLGA/DEX-CD-IC fibers have great potential in vital dental pulp therapy, owing to its sustained DEX release, cytocompatibility, and odontogenic differentiation capacity. OBJECTIVES The present study purposed to observe the response of comorbidities of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) including migraine and cervical dysfunction after painful TMD treatment. DESIGN A total of 187 patients were included 45 had no symptoms related to the painful TMD and migraine (Control), 52 had the painful TMD only (pTMD), 47 had the painful TMD that occurred earlier than the migraine (TMD1ST), and 43 had the migraine that occurred earlier than the painful TMD (MIG1ST). All patients were diagnosed based on the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders and International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition. Head and neck posture were assessed using lateral cephalogram. Myofascial trigger points were evaluated in the two masticatory and four cervical muscles. Stabilization splint therapy and physical therapy were applied to all patients for six months. RESULTS MIG1ST showed lesser improvement of the intensity of the orofacial and neck pain and forward head posture than the pTMD and TMD1ST after 6 months TMD treatment. In addition, lesser degree of symptomatic progress of intensity, duration and frequency of the migraine in MIG1ST was detected than in TMD1ST after 6 months TMD treatment. CONCLUSION The effects of TMD management on symptomatic changes of its comorbidities including the migraine and cervical dysfunction could be determined by onset order of comorbid conditions relative to TMD. Cannabis-based medications are being increasingly used for the treatment of different clinical conditions. Among all galenic formulations, olive oil extracts from medical Cannabis are the most prescribed ones for their easy preparation and usage. A great variety of methods have been described so far for the extraction of medical Cannabis oils to reach a high yield of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), but poor attention has been paid to the preservation of the terpene fraction from the plant, which may contribute to the overall bioactivity of the extracts. In this context, the present study was aimed at the chemical characterization of different medical Cannabis oils prepared by following both innovative and existing extraction protocols, with particular attention to cannabinoids and terpenes, in order to set up a suitable method to obtain an extract rich in these chemical classes. In particular, six different extraction procedures were followed, based on different techniques, of which all but one included a decarboxylation of the plant material.