Tatepilgaard8938

Ubi4 is a polyubiquitin precursor well characterized in yeasts but unexplored in insect mycopathogens. Immunology inhibitor Here, we report that orthologous Ubi4 plays a core role in ubiquitin- and asexual lifestyle-required cellular events in Beauveria bassiana. Deletion of ubi4 led to abolished ubiquitin accumulation, blocked autophagic process, severe defects in conidiation and conidial quality, reduced cell tolerance to oxidative, osmotic, cell wall perturbing and heat-shock stresses, decreased transcript levels of development-activating and antioxidant genes, but light effect on radial growth under normal conditions. The deletion mutant lost insect pathogenicity via normal cuticle infection and was severely compromised in virulence via cuticle-bypassing infection due to a block of dimorphic transition critical for acceleration of host mummification. Proteomic and ubiquitylomic analyses revealed 1081 proteins differentially expressed and 639 lysine residues significantly hyper- or hypo-ubiquitylated in the deletion mutant, including dozens of ubiquitin-activating, conjugating and ligating enzymes, core histones, and many more involved in proteasomes, autophagy-lysosome process and protein degradation. Singular deletions of seven ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme genes exerted differential Ubi4-like effects on conidiation level and conidial traits. These findings uncover an essential role of Ubi4 in ubiquitin transfer cascade and its pleiotropic effects on the in vitro and in vivo asexual cycle of B. bassiana. © 2020 Society for Applied Microbiology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) are small, non-autonomous, and heterogeneous retrotransposons widespread in plants. To explore the amplification dynamics and evolutionary history of SINE populations in representative deciduous tree species, we analyzed the genomes of the six following Salicaceae species Populus deltoides, Populus euphratica, Populus tremula, Populus tremuloides, Populus trichocarpa, and Salix purpurea. We identified eleven Salicaceae SINE families (SaliS-I to SaliS-XI), comprising 27,077 full-length copies. Most of these families harbor segmental similarities, providing evidence for SINE emergence by reshuffling or heterodimerization. We observed two SINE groups, differing in their phylogenetic distribution pattern, similarity, and 3' end structure. These groups probably emerged during the 'salicoid duplication' (~ 65 million years ago) in the Salix-Populus progenitor and during the separation of the genus Salix (45 - 65 million years ago), respectively. In contrast to conserved 5' start motifs across species and SINE families, the 3' ends are highly variable in sequence and length. This extraordinary 3' end variability results from mutations in the poly(A) tail, which were fixed by subsequent amplificational bursts. We show that the dissemination of newly evolved 3' ends is accomplished by a displacement of older motifs, leading to various 3' end subpopulations within the SaliS families. © 2020 The Authors The Plant Journal © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.The characteristics of tumor cells of primary vitreoretinal lymphoma (PVRL) have not been defined, although researches have shown that most cases are of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). To determine the subtype and biological characteristics of tumor cells of PVRL, we performed a gene expression profiling analysis. RNA was extracted from the vitreous fluid of 7 PVRL patients and from nodal samples of 10 DLBCL patients 6 of germinal center B-cell (GCB) type and 4 of activated B-cell (ABC) type determined by Hans' criteria. Six PVRL samples showed gene expression profiles that were similar to each other. The patterns were different from those of the ABC-type nodular DLBCL but relatively close to those of the GCB-type nodular DLBCL. Interestingly, all of the 6 examined PVRL samples had either MYD88L265P or mutation in the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) region of CD79B. Five PVRL patients with similar gene expression profiles were treated with a standardized regimen intravitreal administration of methotrexate (MTX) followed by six courses of systemic high doses of MTX. As a result, 2 patients had CD79B mutations and showed early central nervous system (CNS) progression. Patients without CNS progression did not have this mutation. In conclusion, PVRL had unique genetic features an expression pattern different from ABC-type and relatively close to GCB-type DLBCL. CD79B mutations showed potential to serve as prognostic markers for CNS progression. © 2020 The Authors. Cancer Science published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Japanese Cancer Association.The clinical importance of subclinical, early T cell-mediated rejection (Banff TCMR 1A and borderline lesions) remains unclear, due, in part to the fact that histologic lesions used to characterize early TCMR can be nonspecific. Donor-derived cell-free DNA (dd-cfDNA) is an important molecular marker of active graft injury. Over a study period from June 2017 to May 2019, we assessed clinical outcomes in 79 patients diagnosed with TCMR 1A/borderline rejection across 11 US centers with a simultaneous measurement of dd-cfDNA. Forty-two patients had elevated dd-cfDNA (≥0.5%) and 37 patients had low levels ( less then 0.5%). Elevated levels of dd-cfDNA predicted adverse clinical outcomes among patients with elevated cfDNA, estimated glomerular filtration rate declined by 8.5% (interquartile rate [IQR] -16.22% to -1.39%) (-3.50 mL/min/1.73 m2 IQR -8.00 to -1.00) vs 0% (-4.92%, 4.76%) in low dd-cfDNA patients (P = .004), de novo donor-specific antibody formation was seen in 40% (17/42) vs 2.7% (P  less then  .0001), and future or persistent rejection occurred in 9 of 42 patients (21.4%) vs 0% (P = .003). The use of dd-cfDNA may complement the Banff classification and to risk stratify patients with borderline/TCMR 1A identified on biopsy. © 2020 The Authors. American Journal of Transplantation published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons.