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w, 7 days) before 2Gy of gamma irradiation led to remove inflammatory mononuclear cells in the portal space. Microscopic findings in the groups receiving two doses of hesperidin (50 and 100 mg/kg b.w, orally, 7 days), before 8Gy of gamma radiation, were similar in a way that extreme dilation of central veins to be seen, however, there was no capillarization. Conclusion HES can be offered as a suitable radio-protector in radiotherapy patients and radiation workers. Copyright © 2020 Journal of Biomedical Physics and Engineering.Background Cervical spinal cord is important and radiosensitive. It is the most critical organ for the head and neck (H&N) cancer patients during radiotherapy. If the delivered dose to the cord is more than tolerance dose, demyelination may occur. Objective Current study aims to analyze the post radiotherapy status of cord in the H&N cancer patients. Material and Methods In this analytical study, sixty patients who received more than 50 Gray (Gy) dose for more than 10 cm length of spinal cord participated in the study. All the patients were clinically examined and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed for patients who had demyelination symptoms. Adequate medical management was provided for all the patients having demyelination. Results Out of sixty patients, ten cases were reported with demyelination symptoms, and only six cases gave consent for this study. DNA Damage inhibitor One patient was found to have irreversible demyelination while five patients had reversible demyelination. Conclusion Demyelination may occur if long segment spinal cord receives dose more than tolerance limit. However target dose should not be compromised up to 54 Gy to spinal cord. Copyright © 2020 Journal of Biomedical Physics and Engineering.Zika virus (ZIKV) is a newly emergent relative of the Flaviviridae family and linked to dengue (DENV) and Chikungunya (CHIVKV). ZIKV is one of the rising pathogens promptly surpassing geographical borders. ZIKV infection was characterized by mild disease with fever, headache, rash, arthralgia and conjunctivitis, with exceptional reports of an association with Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) and microcephaly. However, since the end of 2015, an increase in the number of GBS associated cases and an astonishing number of microcephaly in fetus and new-borns in Brazil have been related to ZIKV infection, raising serious worldwide public health concerns. ZIKV is transmitted by the bite of infected female mosquitoes of Aedes species. Clarifying such worrisome relationships is, thus, a current unavoidable goal. Here, we extensively described the current understanding of the effects of ZIKV on heath, clinical manifestation, diagnosis and treatment options based on modern, alternative and complementary medicines regarding the disease. © The Author(s) 2020.Leishmaniases are a group of parasitic diseases transmitted through the bite of female phlebotomine sandflies. Depending on the Leishmania species, the reservoirs can be humans (anthroponosis) or different animals (zoonosis). Zoonotic leishmaniasis present several clinical forms in function of the species involved visceral leishmaniasis (VL), cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), and muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL). The biological diagnosis is of utmost importance because the clinical features are not specific. In addition to parasitological and molecular biology (polymerase chain reaction, PCR) assays, serology is routinely used for the diagnosis of leishmaniasis. Indeed, although PCR is more sensitive than serological assays, its implementation is limited to referral laboratories and research centers. Therefore, serology is still a key element for their diagnosis. Here, we discuss the different serological assays available for the diagnosis of zoonotic leishmaniasis. We will review the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunofluorescence antibody test, immunochromatography test (ICT), direct agglutination test, and western blot as well as the different diagnostic strategies in function of the clinical form (VL, CL, and MCL). We will also discuss the place of serology for detecting asymptomatic carriers and for the follow-up of VL. Depending on the laboratory, different assays can be used, from ICT, which is appropriate for field testing, to a combination of serological tests to improve the sensitivity. Copyright © 2020 Lévêque, Lachaud, Simon, Battery, Marty and Pomares.Gut dysbiosis has been associated with several disease outcomes including diabetes in human populations. Currently, there are no studies of the gut microbiome composition in relation to type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Africans. Here, we describe the profile of the gut microbiome in non-diabetic adults (controls) and investigate the association between gut microbiota and T2D in urban West Africans. Gut microbiota composition was determined in 291 Nigerians (98 cases, 193 controls) using fecal 16S V4 rRNA gene sequencing done on the Illumina MiSeq platform. Data analysis of operational taxonomic units (OTU) was conducted to describe microbiome composition and identify differences between T2D and controls. The most abundant phyla were Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. Clostridiaceae, and Peptostreptococcaceaea were significantly lower in cases than controls (p less then 0.001). Feature selection analysis identified a panel of 18 OTUs enriched in cases that included Desulfovibrio piger, Prevotella, Peptostreptococcus, and Eubacterium. A panel of 17 OTUs that was enriched in the controls included Collinsella, Ruminococcus lactaris, Anaerostipes, and Clostridium. OTUs with strain-level annotation showing the largest fold-change included Cellulosilyticum ruminicola (log2FC = -3.1; p = 4.2 × 10-5), Clostridium paraputrificum (log2FC = -2.5; p = 0.005), and Clostridium butyricum (log2FC = -1.76; p = 0.01), all lower in cases. These findings are notable because supplementation with Clostridium butyricum and Desulfovibrio piger has been shown to improve hyperglycemia and reduce insulin resistance in murine models. This first investigation of gut microbiome and diabetes in urban Africans shows that T2D is associated with compositional changes in gut microbiota highlighting the possibility of developing strategies to improve glucose control by modifying bacterial composition in the gut. Copyright © 2020 Doumatey, Adeyemo, Zhou, Lei, Adebamowo, Adebamowo and Rotimi.HIV Tat protein is a critical protein that plays multiple roles in HIV pathogenesis. While its role as the transactivator of HIV transcription is well-established, other non-viral replication-associated functions have been described in several HIV-comorbidities even in the current antiretroviral therapy (ART) era. HIV Tat protein is produced and released into the extracellular space from cells with active HIV replication or from latently HIV-infected cells into neighboring uninfected cells even in the absence of active HIV replication and viral production due to effective ART. Neighboring uninfected and HIV-infected cells can take up the released Tat resulting in the upregulation of inflammatory genes and activation of pathways that leads to cytotoxicity observed in several comorbidities such as HIV associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), HIV associated cardiovascular impairment, and accelerated aging. Thus, understanding how Tat modulates host and viral response is important in designing novel therapeutic approaches to target the chronic inflammatory effects of soluble viral proteins in HIV infection. Copyright © 2020 Ajasin and Eugenin.Background and Purpose Early life microbiota plays a crucial role in human health by acting as a barrier from pathogens' invasion and maintaining the intestinal immune homoeostasis. Altered fecal microbiota (FM) ecology was reported in newborns affected by intestinal ischemia. Our purpose was to describe, in these patients, the FM, the mucosal microbiota (MM) and the mucosal immunity. Methods Fourteen newborns underwent intestinal resection because of intestinal ischemia. FM and MM were determined through targeted-metagenomics, diversity assignment and Kruskal-Wallis analyses of Operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The mucosal immune cells were analyzed through cytofluorimetry. Results and Conclusion Based on the severity intestinal injueris we identified two groups extensive (EII) and focal intestinal ischemia (FII). FM and MM varied in EII and FII groups, showing in the EII group the predominance of Proteobacteria and Enterobacteriaceae and the reduction of Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia for both microbiota. The MM was characterized by a statistically significant reduction of Bacteroides, Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae and by a higher diversity in the EII compared to FII group. FM showed a prevalence of Proteobacteria, while the Shannon index was lower in the EII compared to FII group. An overall increment in B- and T-lymphocytes and Natural killer (NK) T-like cells was found for EII mucosal samples associated to an increment of TNF-α and INF-γ expressing cells, compared to FII group. FM and MM carry specific signatures of intestinal ischemic lesions. Further research may be crucial to address the role of specific taxa in EII, expecially with reference to inflammation grade and ischemia extension. Copyright © 2020 Romani, Del Chierico, Chiriaco, Foligno, Reddel, Salvatori, Cifaldi, Faraci, Finocchi, Rossi, Bagolan, D'Argenio, Putignani and Fusaro.Haemophilus parasuis (HPS), a member of the family Pasteurellaceae, is a common bacteria in the upper respiratory tract of pigs but under certain circumstances can cause serious systemic disease (Glasser's disease) characterized by severe infection of the upper respiratory tract, fibrinous polyserositis, polyarthritis, and meningitis. cAMP receptor protein (CRP) is among the most important global regulators, playing a vital role in adapting to environmental changes during the process of bacterial infection. In order to investigate the function of the crp gene in the growth characteristics of H. parasuis serovar 5 (HPS5) and its ability to overcome adverse environmental stresses, a crp mutant strain (Δcrp) was constructed and verified. In this study, we found that the crp gene was involved in growth rate, biofilm formation, stress tolerance, serum resistance, and iron utilization. Compared with the wild type, both the growth rate of the crp mutant and its resistance to osmotic pressure decreased significantly. Similar phenomena were also found in biofilm formation and iron utilization. However, the resistance to heat shock and serum complement of the crp mutant were enhanced. This study aimed to reveal the function in growth characteristics and stress resistance of the crp gene in HPS5. Whether it relates to virulence requires additional in-depth research. Copyright © 2020 Jiang, Cheng, Cao, Zhang, Li, Zhu, Li, Zeng, Li and He.Oncolytic virotherapy is emerging as an important agent in cancer treatment. In a previous study, we designed and constructed Ad-Apoptin-hTERTp-E1a (Ad-VT), a dual cancer-selective anti-tumor recombinant adenovirus. In this study, crystal violet staining and WST-1 assays showed that Ad-VT has a significant tumor killing effect in a time and dose dependent manner. The combination of Ad-VT (10 MOI) and gemcitabine (10 nM) significantly inhibited NCI-H226 cells, but did not increase the killing effect of gemcitabine on human normal bronchial epithelial cells BEAS-2B. Hoechst, JC-1 and Annexin V experiments demonstrated that the combination of Ad-VT and gemcitabine mainly inhibited NCI-H226 cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis (mitochondrial pathway). The combination also significantly inhibited the migration and invasion abilities of NCI-H226 cells. In vivo, Ad-VT in combination with low-dose gemcitabine could effectively inhibit tumor growth and prolong survival of mice. Ad-VT has the characteristics of tumor-selective replication and killing, in vitro and in vivo.