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This study outlines the first investigation of application of machine learning to distinguish "skilled" and "novice" psychomotor performance during a virtual reality (VR) brain tumor resection task. Tumor resection task participants included 23 neurosurgeons and senior neurosurgery residents as the "skilled" group and 92 junior neurosurgery residents and medical students as the "novice" group. The task involved removing a series of virtual brain tumors without causing injury to surrounding tissue. Originally, 150 features were extracted followed by statistical and forward feature selection. The selected features were provided to 4 classifiers, namely, K-Nearest Neighbors, Parzen Window, Support Vector Machine, and Fuzzy K-Nearest Neighbors. Sets of 5 to 30 selected features were provided to the classifiers. A working point of 15 premium features resulted in accuracy values as high as 90% using the Supprt Vector Machine. The obtained results highlight the potentials of machine learning, applied to VR simulation data, to help realign the traditional apprenticeship educational paradigm to a more objective model, based on proven performance standards. Graphical abstract Using several scenarios of virtual reality neurosurgical tumor resection together with machine learning classifiers to distinguish skill level.Despite all the efforts to optimize the meniscus prosthesis system (geometry, material, and fixation type), the success of the prosthesis in clinical practice will depend on surgical factors such as intra-operative positioning of the prosthesis. In this study, the aim was therefore to assess the implications of positional changes of the medial meniscus prosthesis for knee biomechanics. A detailed validated finite element (FE) model of human intact and meniscal implanted knees was developed based on a series of in vitro experiments. Different non-anatomical prosthesis positions were applied in the FE model, and the biomechanical response during the gait stance phase compared with an anatomically positioned prosthesis, as well as meniscectomized and also the intact knee model. The results showed that an anatomical positioning of the medial meniscus prosthesis could better recover the intact knee biomechanics, while a non-anatomical positioning of the prosthesis to a limited extent alters the knee kinematics and articular contact pressure and increases the implantation failure risk. The outcomes indicate that a medial or anterior positioning of the meniscus prosthesis may be more forgiving than a posteriorly or laterally positioned prosthesis. Selleck VU661013 The outcome of this study may provide a better insight into the possible consequences of meniscus prosthesis positioning errors for the patient and the prosthesis functionality. Graphical abstract.PURPOSE To overcome the problems associated with existing measures of orthorexia, we assessed the reliability and validity of a new measure the Orthorexia Nervosa Inventory (ONI). METHOD An online survey was completed by 847 people recruited from undergraduate nutrition and psychology courses and from advertisements in Facebook and Instagram targeting both healthy eaters (with keywords such as "clean eating" and "healthy eating") and normal eaters (with keywords such as "delicious food" and "desserts"). RESULTS Exploratory factor analysis revealed three factors with 9 items assessing behaviors and preoccupation with healthy eating, 10 items assessing physical and psychosocial impairments, and 5 items assessing emotional distress. With this sample, all scales demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.88-0.90) and 2-week test-retest reliability (r = 0.86- 0.87). Consistent with past research, ONI scores were significantly greater among vegetarians and vegans, and among those with higher levels of disordered eating, general obsessive-compulsive tendencies, and compulsive exercise. Additionally, whereas ONI scores did not significantly differ between men and women, the scores were negatively correlated with body mass index. CONCLUSION The ONI is the first orthorexia measure to include items assessing physical impairments that researchers and clinicians agree comprise a key component of the disorder. Additionally, at least for the current sample, the ONI is a reliable measure with expected correlations based on the past research. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, descriptive cross-sectional study.Onions can be damaged by Fusarium basal rot caused by the soilborne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae (FOC). Control of this pathogen is challenging since there is limited genetic resistance in onion. The identification of molecules that inhibit this pathogen is needed. Antagonism screening showed Brevibacillus fortis NRS-1210 secreted antifungal compounds into growth medium. The spent growth medium, diluted 11, inhibited growth of FOC conidia after seven hours and killed 67-91% of conidia after 11 h. The spent medium also inhibited growth of propagules from F. graminearum, F. proliferatum, F. verticillioides and Galactomyces citri-aurantii. Full strength spent growth medium did not effectively kill FOC conidia and chlamydospores inoculated into a sand cornmeal mixture. In silico analysis of the B. fortis NRS-1210 genome indicated the biosynthetic clusters of several antibiotics. Fractionation of spent medium followed by reverse-phase liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry analysis found that fractions with the most antifungal activity contained a combination of edeines A, B and F and no other recognized antibiotics. 1H NMR signals of the active fraction corresponded to edeine, a pentapeptide with broad spectrum antimicrobial activity which blocks translation in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Comparative genomics of Brevibacillus genomes shows edeine producers form a clade which consists of Brevibacillus brevis, Brevibacillus formosus, 'Brevibacillus antibioticus', Brevibacillus schisleri, Brevibacillus fortis, and Brevibacillus porteri. This observation suggests edeine played an important role in the evolution and speciation of the Brevibacillus genus.Zagaria, Andò and Zennaro have provided a useful analysis of the theoretical precariousness of psychology by looking at a number of its core concepts. They propose that evolutionary psychology could be a unifying approach for the otherwise fragmented discipline. In this response, I argue that although evolutionary psychology provides many interesting perspectives on the mental life of human beings, it is much too soon to jump to a unifying conclusion for psychology on its basis. Before beginning the work of explaining the functioning of the mind in evolutionary terms, we need illuminating descriptions of mental life as such. Phenomenological description should precede evolutionary explanation, and the former will reveal that mental life is intentional and normative - something that evolutionary and other explanatory perspectives have difficulties accommodating. When the subject matter is human mental life, it might be better to live with conceptual confusion than obtaining consensus on a misguided foundation.