Suhrrao9398

Different species within the same community may exhibit distinct phenological responses to climate change, so it is necessary to study species differences in the green-up date among abundant species within a wide area, and a suitable phenology model should be introduced to explain the associated climate-driven mechanism. Although various models have been developed, very few studies have aimed to compare their efficiency and robustness, and the relative contributions of climate driving factors have not been sufficiently examined. We analyzed phenology data for 12 species across 17 stations in Inner Mongolia and found that essential spatiotemporal and interspecies differences existed in the green-up date. Five process-based models were established for each species and their performance was comprehensively evaluated. The two-phase models (sequential model, parallel model, unified model and unified model combined with precipitation driving) generally performed better than the one-phase model (thermal time model), and the model considering precipitation performed the best, which indicates that it is necessary to introduce the chilling effect and precipitation driving effect to improve the model accuracy in arid environments. We proposed a method to estimate the contribution rates of various climate driving factors, and significant differences in the relative demand for the various climate driving factors among different species were clearly revealed. The results indicated that for natural vegetation in Inner Mongolia, the need for the chilling and temperature driving is relatively high, and the precipitation driving is very important for herbaceous vegetation, which leads to considerable spatial and interspecies differences in green-up date. We demonstrated the feasibility of quantitatively evaluating the contributions of different climate driving factors with a process-based model, and the contradiction in phenological changes among different studies may eventually be clarified.Phytotoxins are produced in plants including agricultural crops. Lupins and other plants of the Fabaceae family produce toxic alkaloids. These alkaloids have been studied in food and feed, however, the environmental fate of alkaloids produced by cultivated lupins is largely unknown. Therefore, we conducted an agricultural field experiment to investigate the occurrence of indole and quinolizidine alkaloids in lupin plant tissues, soil, soil pore water and in drainage water. During the field experiment, alkaloids were regularly quantified (median concentrations) in lupin (13-8.7 × 103 ng/g dry weight (dw)), and topsoils at depth 0-5 cm (0.1-10 ng/g dw), and depth 15-30 cm (0.2-8.5 ng/g dw), soil pore water (0.2-7.5 ng/L) and drainage water samples (0.4-18 ng/L). Lupanine was the dominant alkaloid in all collected samples. Cumulative amounts of alkaloids emitted via drainage water were around 0.1-11 mg/ha for individual alkaloids over one growing season. The total cumulative amount of alkaloid in drainage water was 14 mg/ha, which is a very small amount compared to the mass of alkaloid in the lupin biomass (11 kg/ha) and soil (0.02 kg/ha). Nearly half of the alkaloids were exported in the drainage water during high flow events, indicating that alkaloids transport preferentially via macropores. These findings indicate that drainage from lupin cultivated areas contribute to surface water contamination. The environmental and ecotoxicological relevance of alkaloids as newly identified aquatic micropollutants in areas with agricultural activities have yet to be assessed.Since China's announcement of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in 2015, much focus has been drawn on the environmental impacts of China's energy investments in the countries along the BRI. The economic and social impacts of these investments, which are also important for the wellbeing for local people, left largely uninvestigated. In this paper, we used China's renewable energy investments in Pakistan as a case study to investigate the contributions of these investments on local economy and employment. Through IO table analysis, we found that the 28 renewable power plant projects invested by China till now potentially provided 8905 jobs and generated around USD 39.8 million production values in related sectors in Pakistan, including USD 30.7 million from wind power plants development and 9.1 million from solar. When Chinese companies act as engineers and constructors, the increase of production value in relevant sectors in Pakistan (USD 6.05 million per 100 MW) are higher than wind power plant projects with other magnitude of engagement (3.82 million as a fully sponsor, 4.19 million as only finance supporter and 2.29 as equipment provider). Wind power plants will create more jobs and increase more production values than solar power plants. This study identifies the economic and social benefits of BRI renewable energy investments from China and the driving mechanism, thus providing basis for promoting renewable energy investments in countries like Pakistan so that they can gain new drive for social and economic growth from the global trend of low carbon transition.This paper presents a first-order approximation of ecospheric life cycle impacts from annual global space activities across two scenarios using a streamlined Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA). The first scenario considers all space missions launched throughout the 2018 calendar year whilst the second is a futuristic scenario where affordable access to space significantly increases the prevalence of space operations. A new space-specific life cycle database and sustainable design tool called the Strathclyde Space Systems Database (SSSD) has been used to compile the inventory of each scenario and generate results across numerous impact categories. The results for each scenario are then compared against normalised values to portray their contribution towards annual worldwide impacts and their severity in terms of planetary boundaries. This allows the relative life cycle sustainability impacts of space activities to be benchmarked for the first time, forming a basis for evaluation and discussion. Overall, the study highlights that despite the relatively small footprint of the space industry at present, this will likely become much more meaningful in the future based on predicted trends. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/vh298.html This places an added importance on addressing potential adverse life cycle impacts within the design process of future space technologies and products.Plastic in the ocean releases organic compounds that are able to enter the marine dissolved organic carbon pool and be utilized by heterotrophic bacteria. However, no information is known about which groups of bacteria are able to grow and degrade plastic leachates. Here we characterized a marine bacterial community from the NW Mediterranean Sea growing on plastic leachates and quantified its total activity. We used two petro-based plastics, low density polyethylene (LDPE) and polystyrene, and one biodegradable plastic, polylactic acid (PLA), to generate leachates under irradiated (UV-Vis) and non-irradiated conditions. Then we incubated them with a natural bacterial inoculum and determined the single-cell activity and associated taxonomy of the bacterial groups, using a combination of Catalyzed Reporter Deposition-Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (CARDFISH) and BioOrthogonal Non-Canonical Amino acid Tagging (BONCAT). The community growing in the leachates was mainly composed of Alteromonas (Gammaproteobacteria), followed by Roseobacter (Alphaproteobacteria) and unclassified Gammaproteobacteria. Overall, marine bacteria in the irradiated treatments showed higher total activity compared to the non-irradiated ones, with the community growing on LDPE's leachates presenting the highest values. The biodegradable PLA leachates presented lower activity than those from petro-based plastics but similar bacterial composition, suggesting that it is possible that PLA could last in the ocean as much as petro-based plastics do. The results from this study show the impact of marine plastic debris in the marine microbial community and the marine carbon cycle.

Few mobility-based studies have investigated the associations between multiple environmental exposures, including social exposures, and mental health.

To assess how exposure to green space, blue space, noise, air pollution, and crowdedness along people's daily mobility paths are associated with anxiety symptoms.

358 participants were cross-sectionally tracked with Global Positioning System (GPS)-enabled mobile phones. Anxiety symptoms were measured at baseline using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) questionnaire. Green space, blue space, noise, and air pollution were assessed based on concentric buffers of 50 m and 100 m around each GPS point. Crowdedness was measured by the number of nearby Bluetooth-enabled devices detected along the mobility paths. Multiple linear regressions with full covariate adjustment were fitted to examine anxiety-environmental exposures associations. Random forest models were applied to explore possible nonlinear associations and exposure interactions.

Regression ry life.

Our findings indicate possible nonlinear associations between mobility-based environmental exposures and anxiety symptoms. More studies are needed to obtain an in-depth understanding of underlying anxiety-environment mechanisms during daily life.Continental outflows from peninsular Southeast Asia and East Asia dominate the widespread dispersal of air pollutants over subtropical western North Pacific during spring and autumn, respectively. This study analyses the chemical composition and optical properties of PM10 aerosols during autumn and spring at a representative high-altitude site, viz., Lulin Atmospheric Background Station (23.47°N, 120.87°E; 2862 m a.s.l.), Taiwan. PM10 mass was reconstructed and the contributions of major chemical components were also delineated. Aerosol scattering (σsp) and absorption (σap) coefficients were regressed on mass densities of major chemical components by assuming external mixing between them, and the site-specific mass scattering efficiency (MSE) and mass absorption efficiency (MAE) of individual components for dry conditions were determined. NH4NO3 exhibited the highest MSE among all components during both seasons (8.40 and 12.58 m2 g-1 at 550 nm in autumn and spring, respectively). (NH4)2SO4 and organic matter (OM) accounted for the highest σsp during autumn (51%) and spring (50%), respectively. Mean MAE (mean contribution to σap) of elemental carbon (EC) at 550 nm was 2.51 m2 g-1 (36%) and 7.30 m2 g-1 (61%) in autumn and spring, respectively. Likewise, the mean MAE (mean contribution to σap) of organic carbon (OC) at 550 nm was 0.84 m2 g-1 (64%) and 0.83 m2 g-1 (39%) in autumn and spring, respectively. However, a classification matrix, based on scattering Ångström exponent, absorption Ångström exponent, and single scattering albedo (ω), demonstrated that the composite absorbing aerosols were EC-dominated (with weak absorption; ω = 0.91-0.95) in autumn and a combination of EC-dominated and EC/OC mixture (with moderate absorption; ω = 0.85-0.92) in spring. This study demonstrates a strong link between chemical composition and optical properties of aerosol and provides essential information for model simulations to assess the imbalance in regional radiation budget with better accuracy over the western North Pacific.