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In most cases, after ruling out infective hypothalamitis, the mainstay of therapy consists of immunosuppressive treatment. Great attention should be paid to hormonal replacement therapy, if partial or total hypopituitarism is present, in particular in patients affected by diabetes insipidus, central hypoadrenalism and hypothyroidism. According to the complexity of this disease, a multidisciplinary approach is strongly advocated to reach an early diagnosis and an integrated therapy.Neuroendocrine manifestations are common in Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD) patients. ECD is a rare non-Langerhans form of histiocytosis with multisystemic infiltration. The involvement of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis is common and central diabetes insipidus (CDI) is one of the most common endocrine manifestations in ECD patients. CDI is the first manifestation of ECD in 25%-48% of the cases. Suprasellar region extension, due to the infiltration of ECD lesions, can cause neurologic manifestations by mass effects, such as headache, visual disturbance, and cranial nerve palsies. Recent studies have revealed that disorders affecting anterior pituitary hormones are common in ECD patients. Secondary adrenal insufficiency, secondary hypothyroidism, (adult) growth hormone deficiency, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, hyperprolactinemia, and hypoprolactinemia can develop as the neuroendocrine manifestations of ECD. Since the symptoms of anterior pituitary hormone deficiencies tend to be nonspecific, the diagnosis of anterior pituitary hormone dysfunctions can be delayed. Some anterior pituitary dysfunctions such as adrenocorticotropic hormone and/or thyroid-stimulating hormone deficiencies can be life-threatening without adequate hormone supplementation therapies. An endocrinological evaluation of the function of the pituitary gland should be performed at the initial diagnosis of ECD. It is important to recognize that endocrine dysfunctions can develop later during the follow-up of ECD.Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare inflammatory myeloid neoplasia that can affect any organ or system in the human body. It is usually diagnosed during childhood but can also affect adults. Recent studies have demonstrated involvement of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis (HPA) in a significant proportion of patients with deficiencies in both anterior and posterior pituitary function that in the majority of cases are permanent and require specific hormone replacement regimes. Central diabetes insipidus is considered the most frequent abnormality of HPA involvement in LCH and can be encountered either as isolated deficiency or along with other pituitary deficiencies. Complete hormonal evaluation of pituitary hormones and long-term follow-up of LCH patients are strongly recommended, especially when pituitary involvement is established.Altered activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) stress-axis has been implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of multiple sclerosis (MS) and linked to the development of specific symptoms and comorbidities such as mood disorders, fatigue, or cognitive dysfunction. Overall the HPA-axis is activated or hyperresponsive in MS, though a hyporesponsive HPA-axis has been observed in a subgroup of MS patients that has a more severe course of the disease. Here we provide an overview of the possible causes of HPA-axis activation, sex- and subtype dependent differences, pathological, cellular, and molecular effects, and the clinical correlates of HPA-axis activity in MS.John "Jack" Gofman's research career was characterized by skills across disciplines that gave him unique insights and opportunities. He was able to choose the research strategy-laboratory, clinical, or epidemiological-most suited to the state of the problem. But Gofman's curiosity and intensity, his integrity and courage, led to dual reputations-one as a "fair-haired boy," another as a "troublesome crank"-first in atomic science, then in cardiovascular medicine, and finally in radiation energy and health policy. Gofman's earliest success was in the 1940s as a University of California-Berkeley graduate student in physical chemistry with Glenn Seaborg. Using simple laboratory methods he innovated the isolation of radioactive elements ultracentrifugally and determined their fission rates. In 1943 he produced the single milligram of plutonium needed urgently by J. Robert Oppenheimer to confirm its candidacy to power the atomic device that would implode over Nagasaki. As a young medical researcher in the 1950s, Goith "safe levels" recommended by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). Eventually, his findings, persistent questioning of policy, and effective advocacy against U.S. GSK8612 atomic energy programs resulted in the loss of both his AEC research funding and his leading national position in radiation and public health. He came to be viewed as "the enemy within." Gofman's research and activism were central to subsequent systemic reviews and constraints to what he called "U.S. adventurism" in atom bomb testing, with "land engineering" using hydrogen bombs, and in the rapid build-up of nuclear energy for the U.S. electrical grid. Eventually, his body of evidence and recommendations about radiation effects on health were largely corroborated by the National Academy of Sciences and other authorities. They still influence planning for "clean energy" in today's global climate crisis.There has been a significant decrease in mortality associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) in recent decades, although at discordant rates between men and women. Using a well-established multicenter registry, we sought to examine the impact of gender on long-term mortality stratified by indication for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Data from 54,440 consecutive patients (12,805, 23.5% women) undergoing PCI from the Victorian Cardiac Outcomes Registry (2013 to 2018) were analyzed. We aimed to compare gender-related differences of patients undergoing PCI for stable angina pectoris (SAP), non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTEACS) and ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The primary outcome was long-term all-cause mortality. Female patients were older across all indications (SAP 67 vs 71 years, NSTEACS 64 vs 69 years, STEMI 61 vs 67 years; p value for all less then 0.001), with age-adjusted higher rates of diabetes mellitus (p value for all less then 0.02) and renal impairment (p value for all less then 0.