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a la variabilidad en la respuesta patológica. Identificar a los pacientes con OAC que obtendrían el mayor beneficio de la NAC debería centrar el foco de atención.Pathogen-mediated balancing selection is commonly considered to play an important role in the maintenance of genetic diversity, in particular in immune genes. However, there has not been any systematic analysis of what factors influence which immune genes are the targets of such selection. To address this, we here focus on Pattern Recognition Receptor (PRR) signalling pathways, which play a key role in innate immunity. We used whole-genome resequencing data from a population of bank voles (Myodes glareolus) to test for associations between balancing selection, pleiotropy and gene function in a set of 123 PRR signalling pathway genes. To investigate the effect of gene function, we compared genes encoding (i) receptors for microbial ligands vs downstream signalling proteins, and (ii) receptors recognizing components of microbial cell walls, flagella and capsids vs receptors recognizing features of microbial nucleic acids. Analyses based on the nucleotide diversity of full coding sequences showed that balancing selection primarily targeted receptor genes with a low degree of pleiotropy. Moreover, genes encoding receptors recognizing components of microbial cell walls etc were more important targets of balancing selection than receptors recognizing nucleic acids. Tests for localized signatures of balancing selection in coding and non-coding sequences showed that such signatures were mostly located in introns, and more evenly distributed among different functional categories of PRR pathway genes. The finding that signatures of balancing selection in full coding sequences primarily occur in receptor genes, in particular those encoding receptors for components of microbial cell walls etc, is consistent with the idea that coevolution between hosts and pathogens is an important cause of balancing selection on immune genes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.A catalytic method for the site- and enantioselective synthesis of functionalized arenes by the intermolecular hydroarylation of terminal and internal 1,3-dienes with aryl pinacolato boronates is disclosed. Reactions are promoted by 5.0 mol % of a readily available monodentate phosphoramidite-Ni complex in ethanol, affording a variety of enantioenriched products in up to 96% yield and 991 er.  Mechanistic studies indicate Ni-allyl formation is irreversible and related to the nature of the aryl boronate. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.The ability of living organisms to perform structure, energy, and information-related processes for molecular self-assembly through compartmentalization and chemical transformation can possibly be mimicked via artificial cell models. β-Estradiol Recent progress in the development of various types of functional microcompartmentalized ensembles that can imitate rudimentary aspects of living cells has refocused attention on the important question of how inanimate systems can transition into living matter. Hence, herein, the most recent advances in the construction of protein-bounded microcompartments (proteinosomes), which have been exploited as a versatile synthetic chassis for integrating a wide range of functional components and biochemical machineries, are critically summarized. The techniques developed for fabricating various types of proteinosomes are discussed, focusing on the significance of how chemical information, substance transportation, enzymatic-reaction-based metabolism, and self-organization can be integrated and recursively exploited in constructed ensembles. Therefore, proteinosomes capable of exhibiting gene-directed protein synthesis, modulated membrane permeability, spatially confined membrane-gated catalytic reaction, internalized cytoskeletal-like matrix assembly, on-demand compartmentalization, and predatory-like chemical communication in artificial cell communities are specially highlighted. These developments are expected to bridge the gap between materials science and life science, and offer a theoretical foundation for developing life-inspired assembled materials toward various applications. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.INTRODUCTION With rising use worldwide, pregabalin is increasingly implicated in poisoning deaths. We aimed to investigate the clinical effects and complications of pregabalin poisoning. METHODS This is a retrospective review of patients presenting with pregabalin poisoning to two tertiary toxicology units from 1 July 2014 to 30 June 2019. Patients were identified from prospective databases maintained by both units and data were extracted from these in addition to medical records. RESULTS There were 488 presentations in 413 patients (237[57%] male) over the five-year period. The median age was 41 years (IQR 31-50 years). Deliberate self-poisonings accounted for 342 (70%) presentations, with 121 (25%) recreational exposures. Recreational exposures increased over the period from 2 (4%) in the first year to 54 (39%) presentations in the final year. The median dose of pregabalin was 1200mg (IQR 600-3000mg, range 75-16800mg). Co-ingestions occurred in 427 (88%) presentations, with sedating agents being co-ingested in 387 (79%) - most commonly opioids and benzodiazepines in 201 (41%) and 174 (36%) presentations respectively. Coma (GCS less then 9) occurred in 89 (18%) cases, with 52 (11%) patients being intubated. Only one (0.2%) of these patients had not co-ingested a sedating agent. Hypotension occurred in 26 (5%) cases, all with co-ingestants. Seizures occurred in 11 (2%) cases, 3/59 (5%) in pregabalin-only overdoses. The median length of stay was 16.5 hours (IQR 10-25 hours). CONCLUSIONS Pregabalin overdose does not cause severe toxicity, but rather mild sedation and uncommonly seizures. Coma is common in the presence of sedating co-ingestants. Recreational use is increasing. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Accurate measurement of body composition is required to improve health outcomes in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity. This systematic review aimed to summarize the reliability and validity of field and laboratory body composition techniques employed in pediatric obesity studies to facilitate technique selection for research and clinical practice implementation. A systematic search in MEDLINE (via PubMed), EMBASE, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus from inception up to December 2019 was conducted, using a combination of the following concepts body composition, pediatric overweight/obesity, and reliability/validity. The search strategy resulted in 66 eligible articles reporting reliability (19.7%), agreement between body composition techniques cross sectionally (80.3%), and/or diagnostic test accuracy (10.6%) in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity (mean age range = 7.0-16.5 years). Skinfolds, air-displacement plethysmography (ADP), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and ultrasound presented as reliable techniques.