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Machine learning suggests clinical utility of this proteomic signature.Candida albicans is both a member of the human mucosal microbiota and a common agent of invasive fungal disease. Systems biology approaches allow for analysis of the interactions between this fungus and its mammalian host. Framing these studies by considering how C. albicans and its host construct the niche the other occupies provides insight into how these interactions shape the ecosystems, behavior, and evolution of each organism. Here, we discuss recent work on multiscale systems biology approaches for examining C. albicans in relation to the host ecosystem to identify the emergent properties of the interactions and new variables that can be targeted for development of therapeutic strategies.New methods for investigating human astrocytes are urgently needed, given their critical role in the central nervous system. Here we show that CD49f is a novel marker for human astrocytes, expressed in fetal and adult brains from healthy and diseased individuals. CD49f can be used to purify fetal astrocytes and human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived astrocytes. We provide single-cell and bulk transcriptome analyses of CD49f+ hiPSC-astrocytes and demonstrate that they perform key astrocytic functions in vitro, including trophic support of neurons, glutamate uptake, and phagocytosis. Notably, CD49f+ hiPSC-astrocytes respond to inflammatory stimuli, acquiring an A1-like reactive state, in which they display impaired phagocytosis and glutamate uptake and fail to support neuronal maturation. Rolipram PDE inhibitor Most importantly, we show that conditioned medium from human reactive A1-like astrocytes is toxic to human and rodent neurons. CD49f+ hiPSC-astrocytes are thus a valuable resource for investigating human astrocyte function and dysfunction in health and disease.Bipolar disorders have an onset in late adolescence or early adulthood and patients may experience alternating episodes of mania and depression, with euthymic periods interspersed between these extremes of mood. Clinical research studies have shown that bipolar disorder patients exhibit disruptions in circadian and seasonal rhythms, even when they are symptom free. In addition, some bipolar patients display pronounced seasonal patterns in occurrence of manic and depressive episodes, time of year for disease onset, and age of onset. Several groups have emphasized the impact of seasonal changes in sunlight intensity on bipolar disorder, especially in locations farther from the equator. In this paper, we examine rate of change of solar insolation during the spring and fall in locations that vary in their distance from the equator and propose that seasonal changes in sunlight intensity may be tracked by the suprachiasmatic nucleus and affect disease onset and progression in seasonally susceptible bipolar patients.MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short noncoding RNAs that regulate the translation of target messenger RNA (mRNA) and consequently participate in a variety of biological processes at the posttranscriptional level. miR-155, encoded within a region known as the B cell integration cluster (BIC), plays multifunctional roles in shaping lymphocytes ranging from biological development to adaptive immunity. It has been revealed that miR-155 plays a key role in fine-tuning the regulation of lymphocyte subsets, including dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, B cells, and CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. Antigen-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes are critical for host defense against pathogens and prevention of damage resulting from excessive inflammation. Over the past years, various studies have shown that miR-155 plays a critical role in CD4+ T cells function. Therefore, we summarize multiple target genes of miR-155 that regulate aspects of CD4+ T cells immunity, particularly CD4+ T cells differentiation, in this review. In addition, we also focus on the role of miR-155 in the regulation of immunological diseases, suggesting it as a potential disease biomarker and therapeutic target.Syntheses of many commodities that are produced using microorganisms require cofactors such as ATP and NAD(P)H. Thus, optimization of the flux distribution in central carbon metabolism, which plays a key role in cofactor regeneration, is critical for enhancing the production of the target compounds. Since the intracellular and extracellular conditions change over time in the fermentation process, dynamic control of the metabolic system for maintaining the cellular state appropriately is necessary. Here, we review techniques for detecting the intracellular metabolic state with fluorescent sensors and controlling the flux of central carbon metabolism with optogenetic tools, as well as present a prospect of bio-production processes for fine-tuning the flux distribution.Bladder cancer accounts for high morbidity and mortality around the world and its incidence rate is suggested to be higher in following years. A number of factors involve in bladder cancer development such as lifestyle and drugs. However, it appears that genetic factors play a significant role in bladder cancer development and progression. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a cancer-related transcription factor that is corelated with reduced proliferation and invasion of cancer cells by negatively targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. In the present review, we aimed to explore the role of PTEN in bladder cancer cells and how upstream modulators affect PTEN in this life-threatening disorder. Down-regulation of PTEN is associated with poor prognosis, chemoresistance and progression of cancer cells. Besides, microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, circular RNAs and other molecular pathways such as NF-kB are able to target PTEN in bladder cancer cells. Notably, anti-tumor drugs such as kaempferol, β-elemene and sorafenib upregulate the expression of PTEN to exert their inhibitory effects on bladder cancer cells.Cancer is driven by genetic mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes and by cellular events that develop a misregulated molecular microenvironment in the growing tumor tissue. The tumor microenvironment is guided by the excessive action of specific cytokines including transforming growth factor-b (TGF-b), which normally controls embryonic development and the homeostasis of young or adult tissues. As a consequence of the genetic alterations generating a given tumor, TGF-β can preserve its homeostatic function and attempt to limit neoplastic expansion, whereas, once the tumor has progressed to an aggressive stage, TGF-β can synergize with various oncogenic stimuli to facilitate tumor invasiveness and metastasis. TGF-β signaling mechanisms via Smad proteins, various ubiquitin ligases and protein kinases are relatively well understood. Such mechanisms regulate expression of genes encoding for proteins or for non-coding RNAs. Among non-coding RNAs, much has been understood regarding the regulation and function of microRNAs, whereas the role of long non-coding RNAs is still emerging. This article emphasizes TGF-β signaling mechanisms leading to the regulation of non-coding genes, the function of such non-coding RNAs as regulators of TGF-β signaling and the contribution of these mechanisms in specific hallmarks of cancer.The aim of this review is to describe the state of the art in the use of Arabin Pessary for the prevention of spontaneous preterm birth (SPTB). We conducted a review of the literature in order to collect relevant studies concerning the efficacy of Arabin Pessary in preventing preterm birth, also considering it in addition or in comparison with other methods such as cervical cerclage or vaginal progesterone and in both singleton and twin pregnancy. Despite the large number of studies available there is not a clear consensus about the superiority of one of this methods over the others. In addition to this, although Arabin Pessary is widely used in clinical practice, no guidelines for management and use of cervical pessary during pregnancy have been assessed.Many previous studies have shown that hippocampal place cells respond to the spatial position of the animal itself. Several recent studies have shown that place cells in an observer animal can also encode the location of a conspecific. The interpretation of these previous studies is, however, compromised by the fact that the observer animal was required to complete a movement that was either a duplication of the others trajectory, or a modification of it. This raises the possibility that the observed representation of the other, may have instead been a plan for the self. To test for a representation of a conspecific in a task where immediate behaviour was not immediately required of the observer, Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to run the length of a shuttle box for a food reward. They then observed a second animal (the runner) performing the same task. Positional data was obtained from the runner, while hippocampal single unit data was collected from the observer. Hippocampal single units were observed to have only limited, low resolution, firing rate-modulated representations of the runner animal. There was also evidence of a weak relationship between place cell spatial firing representations of the self and other. Some above-chance evidence of phase-coding of the runner's position was also observed in the observer animals, with an observer-centred reference frame. These results indicate that hippocampal place cells encode some limited spatial information about others when the observer's subsequent behaviour is not dependent on that of the observed.The mesothelium when first described was thought to function purely as a non-adhesive surface to facilitate intracoelomic movement of organs. However, the mesothelium is now recognized as a dynamic cellular membrane with many important functions that maintain serosal integrity and homeostasis. For example, mesothelial cells interact with and help regulate the body's inflammatory and immune system following infection, injury, or malignancy. With recent advances in our understanding of checkpoint molecules and the advent of novel immunotherapy approaches, there has been an increase in the number of studies examining mesothelial and immune cell interaction, in particular the role of these interactions in malignant mesothelioma. This review will highlight some of the recent advances in our understanding of how mesothelial cells help regulate serosal immunity and how in a malignant environment, the immune system is hijacked to stimulate tumor growth. Ways to treat mesothelioma using immunotherapy approaches will also be discussed.EGFR exon 20 alterations are rare events seen mainly in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). They include EGFR T790 and C797S mutations (associated with secondary resistance to classic EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs)), and EGFR exon 20 in-frame insertions (associated with resistance to first- and second-generation EGFR TKIs). In silico modeling of structural changes in aberrant proteins has informed selection of compounds with potential clinical activity poziotinib (whose smaller size permits access to the restricted kinase pocket created by EGFR and ERBB2 exon 20 insertions); cetuximab (an antibody that attenuates dimerization caused by EGFR exon 20 insertions), and TAK-788 (another EGFR/ERBB2 TKI). Other alterations, such as EGFR T790 M, are responsive to osimertinib, while the EGFR C797S alteration seen in osimertinib resistance demonstrates preclinical sensitivity to combined brigatinib and cetuximab. These observations indicate that clinical resistance can be overcome by utilizing advanced genomic interrogation coupled with computer modeling.