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The lead article in this issue of Law and Human Behavior is "Policy and Procedure Recommendations for the Collection and Preservation of Eyewitness Identification Evidence" by Gary Wells and colleagues (2020). This special article is an official Scientific Review Paper (SRP) of the American Psychology-Law Society (AP-LS), Division 41 of the American Psychological Association (APA). This SRP is the product of an extensive, multistep vetting process designed to ensure that it represents the best research, analysis, and recommendations the AP-LS can provide. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) have high prevalence of smoking and poor cessation outcomes. Data suggest that smokers with OUD may experience heightened nicotine reinforcement and more severe tobacco withdrawal compared to smokers without OUD. The Food and Drug Administration is currently considering reducing the nicotine content of cigarettes to reduce smoking prevalence and smoking-related disease. It is critical to understand the effects of reduced nicotine content cigarettes (RNCCs) on tobacco withdrawal in this subgroup. In this secondary analysis, we investigated the ability of RNCCs to attenuate acute tobacco withdrawal and craving severity in smokers with OUD versus those without substance use disorders (SUDs). Smokers maintained on methadone or buprenorphine (opioid-maintained [OM]; n = 65) versus without other SUDs (i.e., non-SUD; n = 135) completed 5 laboratory sessions wherein they smoked their usual brand (UB) or a research cigarette varying in nicotine content (0.4, 2.4, 5.2, 15.8 mg/g of tobacco) under double-blind, acute abstinence conditions. Participants completed the Minnesota Tobacco Withdrawal Scale, including a desire to smoke (craving) item, before and every 15 min for 1 hr following smoking each cigarette. Tobacco withdrawal and craving did not differ significantly by OM status in response to UB or RNCCs. In addition to the Dose × Time interaction, greater depression and cigarette dependence consistently predicted withdrawal and craving (ps less then .05). Across all cigarettes, tobacco withdrawal and craving did not significantly differ by OM status, suggesting that smokers receiving opioid agonist treatment may respond favorably to RNCCs. Additional studies with larger and more diverse samples are needed to address this question more definitively. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been found to be very effective in reducing many forms of mental illness, but much less is known about whether CBT also promotes mental health or well-being. The goals of the present study were to (a) quantify the magnitude and timing of changes in overall well-being and specific facets of well-being during different CBTs for anxiety disorders, (b) determine whether these effects vary across transdiagnostic and disorder-specific CBT, and (c) examine how changes in well-being during treatment relate to changes in anxiety. A total of 223 adults (55.6% female, Mage = 31.1 years) were randomized to 1 of 5 CBT protocols for anxiety disorders at an outpatient clinic. Analyses included standardized mean gain effect sizes (ESsg) and latent growth curve modeling. Moderate-to-large increases in overall well-being and the 3 components of subjective, psychological, and social well-being were observed, mainly during the second half of CBT, and these increases were maintained at a 6-month follow-up. The magnitude of effects was comparable for transdiagnostic and disorder-specific CBT protocols and greater than in the waitlist condition. Parallel process latent growth curve models indicated that trajectories of change in well-being across treatment were strongly correlated with trajectories of change in clinician-rated and self-reported anxiety. Together, these findings suggest that different CBT protocols for anxiety consistently produce robust and lasting changes in well-being, and these changes are strongly linked to changes in anxiety during treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).OBJECTIVE This study presents a prospective evaluation of the contribution of criminogenic factors, psychiatric symptomatology, and neighborhood-level factors to risk for self-reported gun violence by adolescents with criminal justice involvement. HYPOTHESIS We hypothesized that elevated psychiatric symptom clusters would be associated with increased risk for gun violence after accounting for criminogenic factors and that neighborhood contextual variables would contribute independently to gun violence risk controlling for criminogenic and psychiatric factors. METHOD Data were drawn from the Pathways to Desistance study (Mulvey et al., 2004), a previously collected, longitudinal evaluation of 1,354 adolescents with felony or weapons-based misdemeanor convictions. Participants were located in Arizona and Pennsylvania and aged 14-18 at baseline. The majority identified as male (86.4%) and Black (41.4%) or Hispanic (33.5%). Participants completed interviews at baseline and follow-up over 7 years. This study drew indicators of criminogenic factors, psychiatric factors, ratings of neighborhood context, and self-reported offending. We used discrete time survival analysis to prospectively evaluate the contribution of independent variables to time to gun violence. RESULTS The presence of self-reported threat control override symptoms represented a 56% increase in risk controlling for demographic and criminogenic factors, odds ratio = 1.56, 95% confidence interval [1.11, 2.18]. Ratings of higher neighborhood gun accessibility represented almost 2.5 times increased risk for self-reported gun violence controlling for demographic, criminogenic, and psychiatric factors, odds ratio = 2.48, 95% confidence interval [1.60, 3.85]. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that consideration of both environmental and individual-level factors hold importance for management of community risk and public safety for adolescents with criminal justice involvement. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Presents an obituary for Nancy M. Petry (1968-2018). Until the time of her death, she was the editor of Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. Nancy had 371 articles published, an average of more than 15 articles per year since her career began. She was the principal investigator on 28 grants from the National Institutes of Health, author of three books, and editor of four more. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).This special issue of Psychology of Addictive Behaviors honors the life and work of a beloved friend, colleague, and mentor, Dr. Nancy M. Petry, who died on July 17, 2018 of breast cancer. At the time of her death, Dr. IBMX datasheet Petry was the editor of this journal. We were gratified to receive many submissions for this issue, resulting in an outstanding set of 24 selected articles. These articles span the multiple areas of addiction research to which Dr. Petry made key contributions, and this introduction highlights her work in these areas. The topic areas in this issue include behavior analysis and behavior pharmacology; contingency management-randomized controlled trials; contingency management-implementation and dissemination; demographic predictors of outcomes across multiple clinical trials; reinforcer pathology and decision making; and gambling. We can only imagine what great work Dr. Petry would have contributed in the future, but the research presented in this issue makes clear that her legacy and impact will continue to grow. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).The canonical conclusion from research on age differences in risky choice is that older adults are more risk averse than younger adults, at least in choices involving gains. Most of the evidence for this conclusion derives from studies that used a specific type of choice problem choices between a safe and a risky option. However, safe and risky options differ not only in the degree of risk but also in the amount of information to be processed-that is, in their complexity. In both an online and a lab experiment, we demonstrate that differences in option complexity can be a key driver of age differences in risk attitude. When the complexity of the safe option is increased, older adults no longer seem more risk averse than younger adults (in gains). Using computational modeling, we test mechanisms that potentially underlie the effect of option complexity. The results show that participants are not simply averse to complexity, and that increasing the complexity of safe options does more than simply make responses more noisy. Rather, differences in option complexity affect the processing of attribute information whereas the availability of a simple safe option is associated with the distortion of probability weighting and lower outcome sensitivity, these effects are attenuated when both options are more similar in complexity. We also dissociate these effects of option complexity from an effect of certainty. Our findings may also have implications for age differences in other decision phenomena (e.g., framing effect, loss aversion, immediacy effect). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Maternal depressive symptoms are a robust predictor of children's risk for internalizing symptoms, yet not all children are negatively affected by exposure to their mothers' symptoms. The present study tested children's self-blame appraisals as a moderator of the association between maternal depressive symptoms and children's internalizing symptoms, controlling for children's negative attributional style. We hypothesized that the relation between maternal depressive symptoms and children's internalizing symptoms would be stronger for children who blamed themselves more for their mothers' symptoms. Participants were 129 mother-child dyads (M child age = 13.63, SD = 2.2; 52.7% female; 38.8% White, 31% African American, 22.5% Latinx/Hispanic) recruited from the community. Results indicated that maternal depressive symptoms were associated with higher levels of children's internalizing symptoms for children who reported higher, but not lower, levels of self-blame appraisals. Results were consistent using mothers' or children's reports of their own and each other's symptoms. The findings highlight the importance of assessing children's appraisals about their mothers' depressive symptoms, and suggest that preventive interventions should target children who endorse higher levels of self-blame appraisals. Furthermore, children's self-blame appraisals about mothers' depressive symptoms should be considered as a target of treatment for child internalizing disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).This study examined children's insecure representations of the family as a mechanism accounting for the association between coparental discord and children's externalizing problems in a diverse sample of 243 preschool children (mean [M] age = 4.60 years). The results from a multimethod, multi-informant, prospective design indicated that coparental discord was indirectly related to children's externalizing behaviors through their insecure representations of the family. Higher levels of coparental discord were specifically linked with more insecure representations of the family, which in turn predicted higher levels of externalizing behaviors 2 years later. These pathways remained robust even after considering the roles of general family adversity, child gender, and family income per capita as predictors in the analyses. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).