Sosatange9207

However, none of the studied combinations were bactericidal against the K11R2 isolate. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the combinations used in this study showed synergy against NDM and KPC producing isolates, but, given the bactericidal activity, the combinations of PMB / MEM and PMB / AMK were the most active only against one isolate. It also can be concluded that the antimicrobials to which the bacteria were resistant could be part of these combinations. click here OBJECTIVES Fungal pathogens pose a serious threat to public health. Widespread and prolonged usage of antifungal drugs has led to multidrug resistance (MDR) development in human fungal pathogen, Candida albicans. Among several mechanisms governing drug resistance in C. albicans, overexpression of drug efflux transporters by far remains the leading cause of MDR facilitated by overexpression of ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) or major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters. Hence targeting efflux pumps still represents a promising approach. In this study we analyzed the effect of octyl gallate (OG), a natural food additive, on drug efflux pump activity of C. albicans. METHODS Drug efflux pump activity was estimated by rhodamine 6G efflux (R6G) and nile red accumulation assay with Candida drug resistance protein 1 (CaCdr1p) over expressing strain. Gene and protein expression along with localization was studied by RT-PCR, Western blot and confocal microscopy. Ergosterol content was measured by alcoholic KOH method. RESULTS OG specifically inhibits CaCdr1p activity belonging to ABC superfamily. Underlying mechanism confirmed competitive mode of inhibition by OG as revealed by Lineweaver-Burk plot. Furthermore, OG leads to reduced expressions ofCDR1, CaCdr1p and causes mislocalization respectively. Additionally, OG sensitizes azole sensitive and resistant clinical matched pair of isolates Gu4/Gu5 and led to impeded R6G efflux and depleted ergosterol content. CONCLUSION OG being a potent inhibitor of CaCdr1p that chemosensitizes drug resistant C. albicans warrants further studies to be exploited as an effective antifungal agent. OBJECTIVES Colistin is one of the last-resort antibiotics for treatment of multi-drug resistant (MDR) Gram negative bacterial infections. We determined occurrence and characteristics of mcr-1-producing E. coli obtained from live bird markets (LBM), rural poultry farms (RPF) and rural household backyard poultry (HBP) in Bangladesh. METHODS We tested 104 extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli isolated during 2017-2018 from poultry sources for colistin resistance. We analyzed the resistant isolates for mcr gene and characterized mcr positive isolates for antibiotic susceptibility, antibiotic resistance genes, transmissible plasmids and clonal diversity. RESULTS Of 104 isolates, 98 (94%) had MICcolistin ≥4μg/mL and 14 (13.5%) were positive for mcr-1 of which 10 were from LBM (n=10), 3 from RFP and 1 from HBP. All 14 mcr-1 E. coli were resistant to third generation cephalosporin and tetracycline, while 12 were resistant to fluoroquinolone and sulphamethoxazole, 10 were to aminoglycosides and 3 were to nitrofurantoin. Four isolates carried conjugative mcr-1 plasmid of 23 to 55 MDa in size. The 55 MDa plasmid found in 2 isolates carried additional resistant genes including blaCTX-M-group-1 and blaTEM-1 (ESBL), qnrB (fluoroquinolone) and rmtB (aminoglycoside). These plasmids belong to IncF family with additional replicons HI1 and N. ERIC-PCR revealed a heterogeneous banding pattern of mcr-1 positive isolates. CONCLUSION We report a 13.5% prevalence of mcr-1 positive MDR E. coli in poultry fecal samples predominantly from LBMs in Bangladesh accentuating the need for safe disposal of poultry feces and hygiene practices among people exposed to poultry. OBJECTIVES Mechanisms of occurrence and expressions of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in thermophilic bacteria are still unknown owing to limited research and data. In this research, comparative profiling of antibiotic resistance genes and metal tolerance genes among the thermophilic bacteria has been done by functional metagenomic methods. METHODS Short gun metagenomic sequence data were generated using Illumina HiSeq 4000. Putative ARGs from the PROKKA predicted genes were identified with the ardbAnno V.1.0 script available from the ARDB (Antibiotic Resistance Genes Database) consortium using the non-redundant resistance genes as a reference. Putative MRGs were identified by using BacMetScan V.1.0. The whole-genome sequencing for bacterial isolate was performed using Illumina HiSeq 4000 sequencing technology with a paired-end sequencing module. RESULTS Metagenomic analysis showed the dominance of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes in two hot springs of Sikkim. ARG analysis thrven depending on the susceptibility of ARGs in thermophilic environment as it reduces the chances of horizontal gene transfer. We report the case of an anterior cage migration that was incarcerated between abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava. Removal of the cage was favored over conservative treatment because of potential migration and vessel injury. OBJECTIVES Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma (IVLBCL) is a rare subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma with uncommon clinical presentations and poor prognosis. The purpose of this study is to report the clinical features and outcome of IVLBCL in a single institution of Taiwan. PATIENT AND METHODS Ten patients with IVLBCL diagnosed from June 2006 to January 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS The median age was 61 (range 39-88) years. The most common presentation was fever (90%), cytopenia (90%), and confusion (50%). For all patients, the median progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 12.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.0-76.1) and 18.8 (95% CI 0-59.3) months, respectively. Six patients received rituximab combined chemotherapy, and the other one patient was treated with chemotherapy alone. Six of seven (85.7%) patients achieved complete response after chemotherapy. The median PFS and OS for six patients who completed treatment were not reached. Three-year PFS and OS rates were 80% and 75%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that patients might achieve durable remission after rituximab-based chemotherapy. The outcome of IVLBCL patients may further improve if early diagnosis and prompt treatment were made. BACKGROUND Aging is defined as a biological and physical complex process that is characterized by the increase in susceptibility to diseases and eventually death. Aging may occur at different rates between and within species, especially or (it varies) among the long-lived ones. Here, we ask whether this diversity (e.g. aging phenotype) stems from genetic or environmental factors or as a combination between the two (epigenetics). Epigenetics play a central role in controlling changes in gene expression during aging. DNA methylation is the most abundant epigenetic modification among vertebrates and is essential to mammalian development. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we utilized the HELPtag assay to identify five candidate genes that were significantly hyper- or hypo-methylated across four different age groups in mice. The candidate genes were annotated using ensemble and their expression was further tested in vitro using the murine RAW 264.7 cell line to examine the effect of three environmental stressors (UV radiation, Hypoxia and fasting) on their expression. RNA was extracted at different time points followed by cDNA synthesis. Changes in gene expression were evaluated using qRT-PCR. RESULTS We show that fasting and UV radiation reduced the viability of RAW264.7 cells. We also found a significant change in three candidate genes' expression levels during fasting (TOP2B, RNF13 and MRPL4). Furthermore, we found a significant change in the four candidate genes' expression levels following UVC treatment (TOP2B, RNF13, PKNOX1 and CREB5) and yet no changes were recorded in hypoxic conditions. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the model we used was a fitting model for the assessment of environmental stressors on candidate gene expression. In addition, we established a cellular response to the environment via changes in gene expression. The ability to keep perception constant despite environmental changes of illumination, viewing angle, or distance is a key feature of perception. Here, we investigated how "perceptual constancy" relates to language learning by investigating the relationship between color constancy and color term knowledge in 3- and 4-year-old children. We used a novel method to test color constancy where children are required to match colored stimuli under different illuminations. We found a positive relationship between color constancy and color term knowledge; children who knew more color words also had better color constancy. The relationship remained even when accounting for the effect of age and ability to discriminate colors. The findings have implications for understanding the development of perceptual constancy, language learning, and the link between perceptual processing and cognitive development. To examine how children and young adults in two cultures think about gender norms, participants evaluated preferences that were inconsistent with gender norms. Participants (N = 200) included 53 children aged 5 years, 49 children aged 7 years, and 49 children aged 9 years, and 49 young adults from Korea and the United States. link2 Both Koreans and Americans reasoned about violations of gender norms primarily as matters of personal choice in both public and private, with some conventional concerns in public settings. In both cultures, participants rejected the idea that an authority could have jurisdiction over gender-norm-related choices, and both groups suggested that being unable to express those preferences in public has a negative impact on individuals. The current study aimed at clarifying the nature of relation between visual attention and arithmetic competence. A group of 301 Chinese second graders was assessed. Children's visual attention was measured using two versions of a visual search task, with efficient visual search (the similarity between the target and the distractors is low) tapping automatic, stimulus-driven visual attention and inefficient visual search (the similarity between the target and the distractors is high) tapping effortful, goal-directed visual attention. Children's arithmetic competence, enumeration skills (assessed in about half of the participants), and other domain-general cognitive abilities were also assessed. The results suggest that only inefficient visual search significantly predicted children's arithmetic competence, and such a relation was mediated through their enumeration skills. The findings highlight the role of fundamental cognitive capacities in mathematics learning and provide insights into potential interventions for improving children's arithmetic competence. BACKGROUND Traveller's diarrhea (TD) is the leading cause of morbidity among travelers. Recently, molecular methods have been developed to detect the causative pathogens of TD. The aim of this study was to test a multiplex-PCR approach in patients with TD and asymptomatic controls. METHODS In total, 91 travelers (61 TD cases, 30 asymptomatic controls) prospectively collected stool samples during travel and documented gastrointestinal symptoms. Samples were analyzed using the BioFire® FilmArray® Gastrointestinal Panel, which covers 13 enteric bacteria (e.g. diarrheagenic Escherichia coli), 4 protozoan parasites and 5 viruses. RESULTS TD cases had more likely a positive test (46/61, 75%) compared to controls (17/30, 57%, p = 0.07). link3 The most common enteric pathogens were enteroaggregative E. coli (36/91, 40%), followed by enterotoxigenic E. coli (31/91, 34%) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC, 29/91, 32%). The only pathogens significantly associated with TD were EPEC (p = 0.01) and ETEC (p = 0.047). Protozoan parasites were not detected.