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5%). Confidence scores and average optimal energies were higher and average worst energies were lower for radiologists compared to surgeons in all hardware (p less then 0.05). Differences in optimal energy were not statistically significant for different alloys or type of fixation implant in both groups. CONCLUSIONS In both observer groups, 190 keV images were selected most frequently as the optimal energy to assess bone union in patients with a suspected non-union of the appendicular skeleton with hardware in situ. On average, musculoskeletal radiologists selected higher optimal and lower worst energy settings and were more confident in selecting both energy settings than orthopaedic trauma surgeons. Simple and rapid spectrophotometric methods are described for determination of two mixtures of tamsulosin (TM), as minor component, with either solifenacin (SL) or tolterodine (TL). The proposed methods involve treatment of the absorbance ratio spectra or zero order spectra by derivative or discrete Fourier function. TM and TL mixture could not be resolved by manipulation of their zero order spectra due to the strong overlap between both spectra and only derivative or Fourier function coefficients of ratio spectra could resolve their spectra. TM and SL mixture was fully resolved by the manipulation of both ratio and zero order spectra. The values of the derivative or the Fourier function coefficients of ratio spectra and/or zero order spectra, at either peak or trough points, were correlated to the concentration of each drug in each mixture. Calibration graphs were linear in ranges 2.5-40 and 30-500μg.mL-1 using derivative ratio and Fourier function ratio, 5-40 and 80-600μg.mL-1 using direct derivative and 2.5-40 and 30-300μg.mL-1 using direct Fourier function for TM and SL, respectively. The plots of derivative ratio amplitude and the Fourier function ratio coefficient versus concentration were linear over ranges 2.5-20 and 25-250μg.mL-1 for TM and TL, respectively. Higher sensitivity as indicated by lower values of detection and quantitation limits were obtained using Fourier convoluted spectra (ratio or zero order) compared to derivative methods. All validation aspects per ICH guidelines are included. The proposed methods were also applied for the studied drugs assay in their tablets and capsules. The mechanical properties of collagen fibrils play an important role in cell-matrix interactions and are a manifestation of their molecular structure. Using a, to our knowledge, novel combination of uniaxial, longitudinal straining and radial nanoindentation, we found that type I collagen fibrils show a pronounced nonlinear behavior in the form of strain stiffening at strains from 0 to 15%, followed by strain softening at strains from 15 to 25%. At the molecular scale, this surprising phenomenon can be explained by the combination of unfolding of disordered domains and breaking of native cross-links at different stages of strain. Fibrils cross-linked artificially by glutaraldehyde do not show such a behavior, and nanoindentation allowed us to measure the mechanics of the overlap and gap regions in the D-banding individually. The results could have consequences for our understanding of matrix mechanics and the influence of excessive glycation, which has been linked with age-related diseases such as diabetes. Furthermore, the simplicity of the straining method could be attractive in other areas of biophysics at the nanometer scale because it does not require any bespoke instrumentation and is easy to use. Physical models of biological systems can become difficult to interpret when they have a large number of parameters. But the models themselves actually depend on (i.e., are sensitive to) only a subset of those parameters. This phenomenon is due to parameter space compression (PSC), in which a subset of parameters emerges as "stiff" as a function of time or space. PSC has only been used to explain analytically solvable physics models. We have generalized this result by developing a numerical approach to PSC that can be applied to any computational model. We validated our method against analytically solvable models of a random walk with drift and protein production and degradation. We then applied our method to a simple computational model of microtubule dynamic instability. We propose that numerical PSC has the potential to identify the low-dimensional structure of many computational models in biophysics. The low-dimensional structure of a model is easier to interpret and identifies the mechanisms and experiments that best characterize the system. Stationary phases with multiple-mode mechanism are beneficial to meet the needs of complex samples, but there are few multiple-mode stationary phases which can adjust the relative strength among multiple-forces imposed on the solutes. This work presents a facile preparation method of reverse-phase/hydrophilic interaction/ion-exchange tri-mode stationary phase, in which three functional monomers, lauryl methacrylate (LMA), hydroxyethyl methylacrylate (HEMA) and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) as co-monomers underwent surface initiated-atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) on the surface of silica. The structure of stationary phases was characterized and their chromatographic properties were investigated using various solutes. click here By comparison with classical single-mode columns, it is found that the newly designed columns can offer multiple interactions including hydrophobic, hydrophilic and electrostatic interactions and show good separation abilities to the tested solutes. Besides, changing the ratios of LMA, HEMA and DMAEMA in SI-ATRP system can easily adjust the relative strength of three interactions imposed on the solutes, inducing adjustable separation selectivity of the columns. The improved separation of multivitamin sample and the successful use of the columns in Per aqueous liquid chromatography indicate the potential of the tri-mode stationary phases. Memory consolidation is thought to depend on the reactivation of waking hippocampal firing patterns during sleep. Following goal learning, the reactivation of place cell firing can represent goals and predicts subsequent memory recall. However, it is unclear whether reactivation promotes the recall of the reactivated memories only or triggers wider reorganization. We trained animals to locate goals at fixed locations in two different environments. Following learning, by performing online assembly content decoding, the reactivation of only one environment was disrupted, leading to recall deficit in that environment. The place map of the disrupted environment was destabilized but re-emerged once the goal was relearned. These data demonstrate that sleep reactivation facilitates goal-memory retrieval by strengthening memories that enable the selection of context-specific hippocampal maps. However, sleep reactivation may not be needed for the stabilization of place maps considering that the map of the disrupted environment re-emerged after the retraining of goals.