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Digitalisation now almost covers all areas of medical student teaching. Teaching videos are a good way to help students learn practical skills. The existing evidence is a recognised aid for the classification of the respective technology.
This video presents the usual examination techniques of the knee joint on a patient with an unstable knee. The respective techniques, if available, were backed up with the appropriate evidence.
The examination techniques presented allow students to view the examination techniques in a standardised manner on a patient. The evidence for the examination techniques can help with the classification of the respective technique.
Die Digitalisierung erfasst inzwischen alle Bereiche der studentischen Lehre. Um die Studierenden im Erlernen praktischer Fertigkeiten zu unterstützen, sind Lehrvideos eine gute Methode. Für die Einordnung der jeweiligen Technik ist die vorhandene Evidenz eine anerkannte Hilfestellung.
Das hier vorliegende Video stellt die üblichen Untersuchungstechniken des Kniegelenkes an einer Patientin mit einem instabilen Knie dar. Die jeweiligen Techniken wurden, wenn vorhanden, mit der jeweiligen Evidenz unterlegt.
Die dargestellten Untersuchungstechniken ermöglichen es Studierenden, sich die Untersuchungstechniken standardisiert an einem Patienten anzuschauen. Die eingeblendete Evidenz für die Untersuchungstechniken kann hierbei eine Hilfestellung bei der Einordnung der jeweiligen Technik leisten.
Die dargestellten Untersuchungstechniken ermöglichen es Studierenden, sich die Untersuchungstechniken standardisiert an einem Patienten anzuschauen. Die eingeblendete Evidenz für die Untersuchungstechniken kann hierbei eine Hilfestellung bei der Einordnung der jeweiligen Technik leisten.Metabolic and toxic causes of myelopathy form a heterogeneous group of disorders. selleck kinase inhibitor In this review, we discuss the causes of metabolic and toxic myelopathies with respect to clinical presentation, pathophysiology, diagnostic testing, treatment, and prognosis. This review is organized by temporal course (hyperacute, acute, subacute, and chronic) and etiology (e.g., nutritional deficiency, toxic exposure). Broadly, the myelopathies associated with dietary toxins (neurolathyrism, konzo) and decompression sickness present suddenly (hyperacute). The myelopathies associated with heroin use and electrical injury present over hours to days (acutely). Most nutritional deficiencies (cobalamin, folate, copper) and toxic substances (nitrous oxide, zinc, organophosphates, clioquinol) cause a myelopathy of subacute onset. Vitamin E deficiency and hepatic myelopathy cause a chronic myelopathy. Radiation- and intrathecal chemotherapy-induced myelopathy can cause a transient and/or a progressive syndrome. For many metabolic and toxic causes of myelopathy, clinical deficits may stabilize or improve with rapid identification and treatment. Familiarity with these disorders is therefore essential.Multiple diverse pathologies result in the clinical presentation of myelopathy. The preferred way to image the spinal cord depends on clinical history, anatomic site of interest, and patient issues limiting certain imaging modalities. This radiology-focused article discusses pertinent physiological considerations, reviews basic and newer imaging techniques, and examines several distinct disease entities in order to highlight the key role of imaging in the work-up of myelopathy.Spondylotic myelopathies are among the most common disorders of the spine, yet the clinical and treatment approach is far from standardized. This article discusses our current understanding of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical assessment, natural history, and treatment options in degenerative myelopathies of the cervical and thoracic spine. We additionally review diagnostic modalities including imaging modalities of the spine and neurophysiological tools such as electromyography/nerve conduction studies, somatosensory-evoked potentials, and motor-evoked potentials. Assessment instruments that can be used for the assessment of myelopathies are reviewed, including the Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score, modified-JOA scale, Nurick scale, nine-hole peg test, and 30-m walking test. We also review common disorders that mimic spondylotic myelopathies, as well as helpful diagnostic clues in differentiating spondylotic and nonspondylotic myelopathies.Traumatic spinal cord injury (tSCI) is a life-changing and potentially overwhelming event. The sudden disruption of the spinal cord's integrity necessitates rapid attention at a specialized medical center, and involves a multilateral collaboration between neurologists, spine surgeons, critical care physicians, and trauma specialists. Even with care under ideal conditions, many tSCI patients have significant disability that persists for the rest of their lives. However, recently, we have seen a proliferation in clinical and translational trials that offer the promise that new treatments may be available soon.Vascular disorders of the spinal cord are uncommon yet under-recognized causes of myelopathy. Etiologies can be predominantly categorized into clinical and radiographic presentations of arterial ischemia, venous congestion/ischemia, hematomyelia, and extraparenchymal hemorrhage. While vascular myelopathies often produce significant morbidity, recent advances in the understanding and recognition of these disorders should continue to expedite diagnosis and proper management, and ideally improve patient outcomes. This article comprehensively reviews relevant spinal cord vascular anatomy, clinical features, radiographic findings, treatment, and prognosis of vascular disorders of the spinal cord.In the setting of both globalization and increasing use of immunosuppressive therapy, infectious myelopathies are an important cause of morbidity worldwide. Clinical spinal cord syndromes related to infection are varied, including transverse myelitis, acute flaccid paralysis related to anterior horn cell involvement, spinal cord compression, chronic spastic paraparesis, and myeloradiculitis. Causative pathogens include viruses, parasites, pyogenic and atypical bacteria, and fungi. The epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of selected organisms will be discussed in this article.
