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GI results showed development of edema, macroscopic alterations, and signs of bleeding in the bladder; in addition, lesions in the urothelium and hemorrhage were also found. GL24H and GM presented intact urothelium, without inflammatory reaction and hematological or biochemical urine alterations.

Therefore, this study demonstrated that L. acidophilus presented uroprotective effect against the action of cyclophosphamide in both the short and long term.

Therefore, this study demonstrated that L. acidophilus presented uroprotective effect against the action of cyclophosphamide in both the short and long term.This review work discusses the applications of xenobots in drug discovery. Sodium Channel inhibitor These are the world's first tiny robots that are living. Robots are built of metals and other things that benefit humans to solve various issues; however, in this case, small xenobots were built utilizing Xenopus laevis, frog embryonic stem cells in the blastocyte stage. Xenobots were created by combining bioscience, artificial intelligence, and computer science. Artificial intelligence constructs several forms of design in an in vitro, In-silico model, after which software analyzes the structure; the most substantial and most noticeable forms are filtered out. Later in vivo development create the design of the Petri plate using the MMR solution and makes the same form as the in silico approach. Ultimately evaluation done based on the behavior, movement, function, and features of xenobots. Xenobots are employed in medical research, pharmaceutical research to evaluate novel dosage forms, also useful for biotechnological and environmental research. Xenobots can be utilized to cure neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease, and cancer-related issues because of their selfrepairing properties, which allow them to repair normal damaged cells, and convey drugs to their specific target, and reduce cytotoxicity in mostly malignancy circumstances. In the future, new approaches will be employed to treat chronic illnesses and their complications.

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the patent situation for hydrogel- based bioinks used for 3D bioprinting globally. It encapsulates information which could be used as a reference by researchers in the fields of 3D bioprinting, biomaterials, tissue engineering, and biomedical engineering, as well as those interested in biomaterials, especially in the formulation of hydrogels. It can also inform policy discussions, strategic research planning, or technology transfer in this area. The findings presented hereinafter are considered novel research aspects regarding the used hydrogels, their preparation methods, and their formulations, as well as the 3D bioprinting process using hydrogels. Furthermore, the novel part, synthesized patents, is regarded as a breakthrough in hydrogel- based bioinks.

The following research aspects of this study are based on data collection from selected patent databases. The search results are then analyzed according to publication years, classification, inventors, appials, tissue engineering, and biofabrication is concentrated in the most common patent documents. Finally, this paper, which gives a competitive analysis of the past, present, and future trends in hydrogel-based bioinks, leads to various recommendations that could help one to plan and innovate research strategies.

The state has been reviewed by introducing what has been patented concerning hydrogelbased bioinks. Knowledge clusters and expert driving factors indicate that the research based on biomaterials, tissue engineering, and biofabrication is concentrated in the most common patent documents. Finally, this paper, which gives a competitive analysis of the past, present, and future trends in hydrogel-based bioinks, leads to various recommendations that could help one to plan and innovate research strategies.

Crohn Disease (CD) is an intestinal inflammatory condition char-acterized by a complex pathogenesis, with elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines. Ada-limumab and certolizumab are two biologic drugs inhibiting TNF-α.

We report the first case of a probable relationship, according to Naranjo causality assessment score, between two consecutive treatments with TNF-α inhibitors and induced erectile dysfunction (ED), that disappeared after switching to another biologic drug (ustekinumab).

This case report describes a possible and important association of two TNF-α inhibitors (certolizumab and adalimumab) and ED in a male patient with CD, with resolution after switching to Ustekinumab (anti-interleukin 12 and 23 biologic drug). A 65 years old man experienced erectile dysfunction during treatment with an anti-TNF. The adverse effect disappeared after discontinuation of the drug. All necessary urologic exams were carried out. Adalimumab was replaced by certolizumab and sexual disfunction symptoms appeared again, improving typically at the end of treatment periods and getting worse with each new dose.

Switching to ustekinumab lead to a resolution of the erectile dysfunction.

We describe for the first time a sexual dysfunction possibly due to two similar anti TNF drugs and its resolution after the switch to another similar but different drug, highlighting the potential difference between biologic drugs.

We describe for the first time a sexual dysfunction possibly due to two similar anti TNF drugs and its resolution after the switch to another similar but different drug, highlighting the potential difference between biologic drugs.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). It is widely accepted that the development and progression of MS result from aberrant activation of potentially encephalitogenic reactive-T cells against CNS antigens. The pathologic roles of both CD4+ (T helper; Th) and CD8+ T cells have been demonstrated in MS lesions.

In the present work, we applied a series of bioinformatics tools to design a dendritic cell (DC)-targeting Tregitope-based multi-epitope vaccine for MS to induce tolerance in pathogenic myelin-specific T cells.

The 3 D structure of anti-DEC 205 scFv and the remaining part of the vaccine were modeled by ROSIE Antibody server and ITASSER software, respectively. AIDA webserver (ab initio domain assembly server) was applied to assemble two parts of the vaccine and build the full construct. Following modeled structure refinement and validation, physicochemical properties, and allergenicity of vaccine were assessed. In the final step, in silico cloninrol MS disease progression and even disease relapse.

To identify the extent and associated factors for patients with prolonged prothrombin time, international normalized ratio (PT-INR) and the dosage modifications carried out with warfarin.

Studies evaluating patients on warfarin with supratherapeutic anticoagulation are limited. It is vital to understand the management strategies for patients receiving warfarin who are bleeding and those with only supratherapeutic PT-INR.

To evaluate the factors associated with supratherapeutic anticoagulation without bleeding with warfarin.

A cross-sectional study was carried out on patients receiving long-term warfarin with at least one PT-INR value > 3.2. Percent time in therapeutic range (TTR) was calculated and National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines were adhered for defining anticoagulation control into good (> 65%) and poor (< 65%).

One-hundred and forty-four patients were recruited. Nearly half of the study population had PT-INR values between 3.2 and 3.9. On average, indihe majority of the patients with supratherapeutic INR had their INR values between 3.2 and 3.9. Elderly patients, with higher HASBLED scores and prolonged duration of warfarin therapy were observed with increased risk of supratherapeutic anticoagulation. Careful dosage modifications are needed particularly in high-risk categories as mentioned above.

Lactoferrin (LF) is a member of the transferrin family which is known for its immuno-modulatory properties. LF has been widely used as an anticancer medication in various cancers including breast cancer.

The current study aimed to examine the molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic potential of recombinant human lactoferrin (rhLF), either alone or combined with epirubicin (EPI), in mice bearing solid Ehrlich carcinoma (SEC).

SEC-bearing female mice (n=40) were divided into 4 equal groups. Mice were given rhLF orally (100 mg/kg/mouse) daily and/or EPI i.p (8 mg/kg/mouse). The experiment lasted for 14 days after which the samples were collected for measuring IL-18 and phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK) by ELISA and p53 gene expression by real time PCR.

Administration of rhLF, either alone or combined with EPI, markedly decreased the tumor volume and increased tumor inhibition rate as well as survival rate compared to either tumor control group or EPI-monotreated group. Also, co-administration of rhLF and EPI increased the level of activated JNKs and expression of p53 in tumor tissues compared to the tumor control group, exhibiting their pro-apoptotic properties. Moreover, the combined treatment with rhLF and EPI elevated IL-18 level in the intestinal mucosa compared to other experimental groups with a possible immune-enhancing effect.

Recombinant human lactoferrin exhibited potential anticancer and immuno-enhancing properties in mice with breast cancer. Co-treatment with rhLF and EPI proved to be a promising strategy in cancer treatment.

Recombinant human lactoferrin exhibited potential anticancer and immuno-enhancing properties in mice with breast cancer. Co-treatment with rhLF and EPI proved to be a promising strategy in cancer treatment.

SARS-CoV-2 infection typically presents with fever and respiratory symptoms. Besides this, COVID-19 related central and peripheral nervous system manifestations are emerging.

This study summarises the demographics, clinical profile, laboratory findings, management strategies, and outcomes in a large number of patients with COVID-19 related GBS and its variants. We also compared its clinical profile with Zika and dengue virus-related GBS.

Authors carried out a literature search up to Dec 31, 2020, in MEDLINE, PubMed, SCOPUS, Cochrane database, and Google Scholar for all published articles.

The study identified 54 different types of articles consisting of 70 cases from 17 countries worldwide. Maximum cases 15 (21.4%) were identified from Italy, followed by USA 12 (17.1%), Spain 11 (15.7%), and Iran 10 (14.3%). The age group more than 60 years had most cases with 32 (45.7%) cases followed by age group 40-60 with cases 25 (35.7%) with male and female ratio 2. Maximum cases were treated with IVIG infusion 58 (82.9%), followed by Plasma exchange 13 (18.6%) cases. Out of 70 cases, 7 (10%) cases were manifested as Miller-Fisher syndrome. The most predominant electrodiagnostic variant was demyelinating neuropathy in 41 (73.21%) cases. The outcome reported in 67 cases was survival in 63 (90%) cases and the death of 4 (5.7%) cases.

Covid 19 related GBS were reported worldwide with a better outcome. Both postinfectious or parainfectious patterns were reported. Early recognition with prompt management of GBS can prevent further severe morbidity and mortality.

Covid 19 related GBS were reported worldwide with a better outcome. Both postinfectious or parainfectious patterns were reported. Early recognition with prompt management of GBS can prevent further severe morbidity and mortality.