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Glycans and glycoconjugates in nature include macromolecules with important biological activities and widely distributed in all living organisms. These oligosaccharides and polysaccharides play important roles in a variety of normal physiological and pathological processes, such as cell metastasis, signal transduction, intercellular adhesion, inflammation, and immune response. However, the heterogeneity of naturally occurring glycans and glycoconjugates complicates detailed structure-activity relationship studies resulting in an incomplete understanding of their mechanisms of action and hindering further applications. Therefore, the synthesis of homogeneous, or nearly homogeneous, structurally defined glycans is of great significance for the development of carbohydrate-based drugs. One-pot synthesis represents the fastest strategy to assemble oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, although unfortunately, typically relies on random assembly. In this review, we examine the progress that has been made in the controlled one-pot synthesis of homogeneous or nearly homogeneous oligosaccharides and polysaccharides providing a broad spectrum of options to access size-controlled glycan products.β-Glucan nanoparticles were produced from cereal and fungal sources viz oats, barley, and yeast using ball milling which is considered as a green technology. The β-glucan nanoparticles were evaluated using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Fourier transform infra-spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, antioxidant, anticancerous, antimicrobial and antihypertensive potential of β-glucan nanoparticles from different sources were also studied. The experimental results revealed that the average particle size for BN (Barley β-glucan nanoparticle), ON (Oats β-glucan nanoparticle), and YN (Yeast β-glucan nanoparticle) were 90.35, 83.55 and 77.44 nm and zeta potential were in the range of -27 to -6.3 mV. find more . There was an increase in antioxidant, antihyperglycemic and antihypertensive activity of BN, YN, and ON in comparison to native. Study reported increase in anticancerous activity upon size reduction. Also, antibacterial activity of BNT, ONT, YNT, BN, ON and YN against Gram-negative and Gram-positive (E.coli & Bacillus Subtilis) were studied. It was concluded that the β-glucan nanoparticles showed enhanced nutraceutical properties that might be due to the nanoreduction using green technology.Most of traditional injectable hydrogels based on light curing or enzyme crosslinking are difficult to control the crosslinking time accurately and lack tissue adhesion, which leads to difficult clinical application and poor tissue repair effect. In this study, a novel injectable DMEM (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium)-induced phenylboronic acid-modified hyaluronic acid self-crosslinking hydrogel was designed and prepared by combining the phenylboronic acid and a diol on hyaluronic acid as the main network, in which dynamically reversible phenylboronic acid esters imparted good self-healing properties and tissue adhesion properties to the hydrogels. Cell medium that induced the formation of the hydrogel could simulate the pH of the physiological environment and provide uniform nutrients for the encapsulated cells. In addition, in vitro cell experiments indicated that the DMEM-induced phenylboronic acid-modified hyaluronic acid self-crosslinking hydrogel was capable of supporting cell loading and proliferation, thus being a promising candidate for tissue repair materials.The functionality and property of pectin are correlated with its structure which is affected by the extraction method used. In this study, three different methods of extracting pectin, the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), the ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) and the conventional heating extraction (CHE), were used at three different temperatures with both an acid and alkali extraction solution. It was found that temperature mainly influenced pectin yield, while pectin structures and physicochemical properties were affected by the pH condition and extraction technology. The alkali-extraction with MAE and UAE at short time promoted the yield of low-ester pectin. Monosaccharide composition analysis showed a high galacturonic acid (GalA) content in the pectin derived from MAE and UAE. The high viscosity and desirable viscoelastic properties of the acid-MAE pectin were due to its large molecular weight and particle size. The results contribute to our understanding of the association among pectin extraction, structure and properties.Chemically modified biopolymers derived nanomaterials have shown great potential in drug delivery and live-cell imaging. We have developed two materials, doxorubicin-loaded chitosan-gold nanoparticles and beads, both embedded with functionalized silk fibroin. Nanoparticles with size 8 ± 3 nm were synthesized using chitosan as reducing and stabilizing agent. Beads with 900-1000 μm size were formulated by the ionic gelation technique. Both the materials were coated with functionalized silk fibroin for targeted and sustained drug release properties. The coated materials showed retarded drug release compared to the uncoated ones. The cytotoxicity was assessed in HeLa cell lines, which demonstrated a maximum dose-dependent decrease in cell viability for the cells treated with folate conjugated silk fibroin coated nanoparticles. The live-cell imaging of the nanoparticles unveiled the increased cellular uptake of the coated materials by seven folds than the uncoated ones. Thus, functionalized silk coated materials can be effective drug delivery tools for targeted and sustained drug release.The present study explored the beneficial effect of Dendrobium huoshanense stem polysaccharide (cDHPS) after oral administration on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using type Ⅱ collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model. It was found that cDHPS effectively alleviated joint swelling, synovial hyperplasia, pannus formation, cartilage erosion and bone destruction in CIA mice. Concurrently, cDHPS remodeled the balance of Th17 and regulatory T cells, reduced the secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators related to fibroblast-like synoviocyte activation, angiogenesis, articular cartilage degradation and osteoclast differentiation, inhibited HIF-1α expression and promoted anti-inflammatory mediator release in the joint tissues and serum of CIA mice. Western blot of joint tissues showed that cDHPS significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of IκB, p65, JNK, p38, ERK1/2, AKT, PI3K, JAK1 and STAT3 in CIA mice. These results suggest that cDHPS possesses the potential of ameliorating RA and its anti-RA effect may be attributed to the inhibition of inflammatory signaling pathways.