Simonsencole0250

6%), respectively. However, at the sub-basin scale the increase of agricultural land use resulted in an increase of evapotranspiration, water yield, and sediment yield by up to 8.3%, 7%, and 169%, respectively, whereas urban expansion led to a decrease of evapotranspiration, water yield, and sediment yield by up to -3.5%, -2.3%, and -9.4%. According to the results of the monthly time scale analysis, the most significant impact of LULC changes occurs during the dry season months, when the increase of irrigation agriculture results in an increase in water discharge and sediment loads to the Anzali wetland. Overall, the results showed that the implementation of dynamic LULC change into the SWAT model could be adopted as a planning tool to manage LULC change of the Anzali wetland catchment in the future. In order to solve the problem that the sensor cannot be reused due to the passivation of the electrode surface, a refreshable electrochemical aptasensor based on a hydrophobic electrode and a magnetic nanocomposite had been developed. Therein, the hydrophobic electrode was formed by modifying a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), which could avoid adsorption of molecules on the electrode surface due to its hydrophobicity. Combined with aptamer (Apt), the synthesized graphene oxide-ferroferric oxide (GO-Fe3O4) was used as a magnetic catcher to capture specific organophosphorus pesticides (OPs), which could be removed to the working area of SPCE with a magnet for electrochemical detection. The performance analysis of hydrophobic electrode showed that the SPCE could be used twice. When the electrochemical signals of Apt/GO-Fe3O4 and OPs/Apt/GO-Fe3O4 were recorded using the same SPCE, the current differences between them were directly related to the concentrations of OPs. Through the contrast test between the spiked vegetable samples and the OPs standard solutions, it was found that the OPs concentrations could be qualitatively evaluated by comparing the current differences. At the same time, the characteristic of collecting target with magnetic catcher was helpful for detecting OPs with a low concentration. Therefore, the refreshable aptasensor provided a huge potential to small molecule target evaluation. Docosahexaenoic acid plays a vital role in human health as it is essential for the proper function of the nervous system and for visual functions. To decrease the cost of docosahexaenoic acid production by Schizochytrium, the cost of the medium should be further decreased. In this study, the use of tofu whey wastewater to culture Schizochytrium sp. for docosahexaenoic acid production was tested, with the goal of reducing the medium cost. Desferrioxamine B The results indicated that tofu whey wastewater presented a better culture performance with respect to biomass, lipid, and docosahexaenoic acid production compared with three traditional media. Through simple pH adjustment, the biomass and docosahexaenoic acid productivity reached 1.89 and 0.24 g/L/day, respectively, which were much higher than those obtained using traditional medium. The removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus reached 64.7, 66.0, and 59.3%, respectively. Due to the rich nutrients in tofu whey wastewater, the use of extra nitrogen source was avoided and the total medium cost for docosahexaenoic acid production in cultures using tofu whey wastewater was less then 1/3 of that of traditional media. This result indicated that tofu whey wastewater is an effective and economic basal medium for docosahexaenoic acid production by Schizochytrium sp. Endothelial cells integrally form a crucial interface that maintains homeostasis of the cardiovascular system. As a vulnerable target of PM2.5, the underlying mechanisms of endothelial cell damage have yet to be fully elucidated. In the current study, two types of cell death, including autophagy and apoptosis, and an important organelle of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) were focalized following PM2.5 exposure. As a result, the internalization of PM2.5 has the ability to induce excess ER stress, which is a crucial step for further autophagy and apoptosis in human endothelial cells, as confirmed by the pre-treatment with the inhibitor of ER stress (4-PBA) which effectively mitigates the apoptosis rate and LC3II expression. Intriguingly, crosstalk between ER stress and autophagy demonstrated that ER stress is probably involved in autophagic events, whereas autophagy has no significant effect on ER stress but confer a protective role against PM2.5-induced endothelial cell apoptosis. Moreover, PM2.5 results in blockage of autophagic flux (failed fusion between autophagosomes and lysosomes), which is detrimental to endothelial cell survival. In conclusion, our findings provide a valuable insight into the relation between autophagy and apoptosis under PM2.5-induced ER stress conditions, where the interplay between them ultimately determines cell fate. The Macleay River in eastern Australia is severely impacted by historic stibnite- and arsenopyrite-rich mine-tailings. We explore the partitioning, speciation, redox-cycling, mineral associations and mobility of antimony and arsenic along >70 km reach of the upper Macleay River. Elevated Sb/As occur throughout the active channel-zone and in floodplain pockets up to the regolith margin, indicating broad dispersal during floods. Sb concentrations in bulk-sediments decay exponentially downstream more efficiently than As, likely reflecting sediment dilution, hydraulic sorting and comparatively greater leaching of (more mobile) Sb(V) species. However, Sb in bulk-sediments becomes proportionally more bio-available downstream. Sb(V) and As(V) species dominate stream fine-grained ( less then 180 μm) bulk-sediments, reflecting oxidative weathering downstream. Increasing poorly-crystalline Fe(III) [Fe(III)HCl] in bulk-sediments also indicates progressive oxidative weathering of Fe(II)-bearing minerals downstream and sihe aqueous phase than As. Although the (mainly) oxic flow path of this river favours aqueous Sb mobility compared to As, localised redox-driven shifts in speciation of both elements strongly influence their respective mobility and partitioning. V.Greater one-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) is one of the most iconic wildlife species in the world. Once reduced to fewer than 500 during the 1960s, its global population has been recovering and is now over 3500, thanks to effective conservation programs in India and Nepal, the only two countries in the world where this species is found. It is one of the greatest success stories in biodiversity conservation given that hundreds of other species have disappeared, and thousands of species are on the verge of extinction. However, poaching is not the only threat for the long-term survival of rhinoceros. link2 Loss and degradation of grassland habitat and the drying-up of wetlands are emerging threats predicted to worsen in the future, but the published information on rhinoceros has never been synthesized. In order to better understand the trends and current status of rhinoceros research and identify research gaps inhibiting its long-term conservation, we analyzed the themes discussed in 215 articles covering a period of 33 years between 1985 and 2018. link3 Our findings suggest that studies on both free-ranging and captive rhinoceros are skewed towards biological aspects of the species including morphology, anatomy, physiology, and behaviour. There are no studies addressing the likely effects of climate change on the species, and limited information is available on rhinoceros genetics, diseases, habitat dynamics and the impacts of tourism and other infrastructure development in and around rhinoceros habitat. These issues will need addressing to maintain the conservation success of greater one-horned rhinoceros into the future. Large amounts of jarosites are produced during zinc hydrometallurgy and bioleaching, as well as in acid sulfate soils and acid mine drainage environments. As such, understanding the behavior of jarosite dissolution is important for analyzing the iron cycle process and promoting the control and treatment of jarosites. In general, soluble ferric ions and jarosites coexist in acid environments; however, the relationship between soluble ferric ions and jarosites under anaerobic reductive conditions is still not well understood. In this study, the effect of adding Fe3+ on the promotion of the bio-dissolution of jarosites using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans is investigated. With the addition of 12 mM Fe3+, the efficiency and maximum rate of jarosite bio-dissolution were found to reach 84.1% and 2.66 mmol/(L·d), respectively. The addition of Fe3+ at concentrations higher than 12 mM did not further improve the jarosite bio-dissolution. These results indicate that the mechanisms underlying these improvements include (i) the reduction of the zeta potential due to the compression of the diffusion layer of the electric double layer by Fe3+; (ii) bacteria growth enhancement and the stabilization of the pH of cultures via the reduction of soluble Fe3+. Based on these observations, this study serves to promote the development of jarosite bio-dissolution using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and challenges the idea that soluble Fe3+ suppresses the bio-dissolution reaction of solid Fe3+ substances such as jarosite when soluble ferric ions and jarosite coexist. Emerging contaminants such as pharmaceuticals that cannot be completely removed by traditional biological treatments are ubiquitously present in water bodies with detected concentrations ranging from ng L-1 to mg L-1. Advanced oxidation technologies (AOTs) are promising, efficient, and environmentally friendly for the removal of these pharmaceuticals. In this study, we investigated the degradation kinetics of a model pharmaceutical, clonidine (CLD), via hydroxyl radical (OH) in UV/H2O2 and sulfate radical (SO4•-) in UV/peroxydisulfate (PS) systems for the first time. The second-order rate constants (k) of protonated cationic CLD with OH and SO4•- were measured to be (2.15 ± 0.07) × 109 M-1 s-1 and (1.12 ± 0.03) × 109 M-1 s-1, respectively. We also calculated the pKa value of CLD and thermodynamic behaviors for reactions of CLD/HCLD+ with OH and SO4•- at M05-2X/6-311++G**//M05-2X/6-31+G** level with SMD solvation model. The pKa value was calculated to be 8.14, confirming the literature value. H atom abstraction pathway was the most favorable pathway for both OH and SO4•-, while single electron transfer pathway was thermodynamically feasible only for SO4•- for CLD but not for HCLD+. In addition, the reactivities of both tautomeric forms of CLD (i.e., amino and imino CLD) with both radicals were also investigated. This study contributed to a better understanding on the degradation mechanisms of CLD and proposed the possibilities of the elimination of pharmaceuticals by applying AOTs during wastewater treatment processes. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely applied in several types of products since they act as a biocide. However, their high level of release into the environment can bring risks to ecosystems. Thus, the toxicity of AgNPs toward duckweed (Landoltia punctata) was investigated by monitoring the growth rate inhibition and the effect on the photosynthetic metabolism through morphological and ultrastructural analysis. The AgNPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and the effective diameter (dynamic light scattering) and zeta potential were determined. Plants were grown according to the environmental conditions recommended in ISO/DIS 20079 and then exposed to different concentrations of AgNPs. Inhibition of the growth rate was measured based on the EC50 and changes in the morphology, cellular structures and photosynthetic pigments were evaluated along with the silver accumulation. Although the results showed low growth inhibition when compared to other studies, significant damage to the ultrastructure, decreases in the photosynthetic pigments and starch grains, an increase in the phenolic compounds and physiological changes, such as a loss of color, were observed.