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4 ± 0.3 M-1. s-1. In contrast, the reaction of DNIC-GS with Prx1 did not nitrosate the enzyme but formed DNIC-Prx1 complexes. The peroxidatic Prx1 Cys was identified as the residue that more rapidly replaces the GS ligand from DNIC-GS ( k D N I C C y s 52 = 7.0 ± 0.4 M-1. s-1) to produce DNIC-Prx1 ([Fe(NO)2(GS)(Cys52-Prx1)]-). Altogether, the data showed that in addition to S-nitrosation, the Prx1 peroxidatic residue can replace the GS ligand from DNIC-GS, forming stable DNIC-Prx1, and both modifications disrupt important redox switches.Interfacial properties such as interfacial profiles, surface activity, wetting transitions, and interfacial tensions along the three-phase line are described for a Type IIIa binary mixture. The methodological approach combines the square gradient theory coupled to the statistical associating fluid theory for Mie potentials of variable range, and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations using the same underlying potential. The water + n-hexane mixture at three-phase equilibrium is chosen as a benchmark test case. The results show that the use of the same molecular representation for both the theory and the simulations provides a complementary picture of the aforementioned mixture, with an excellent agreement between the molecular models and the available experimental data. Sorafenib solubility dmso Interfacial tension calculations are extended to temperatures where experimental data are not available. From these extrapolations, it is possible to infer a first order wetting transition at 347.2 K, where hexane starts to completely wet the water/vapor interface. Similarly, the upper critical end point is estimated at 486.3 K. Both results show a very good agreement to the available experimental information. The concentration profiles confirm the wetting behavior of n-hexane along with a strong positive surface activity that increases with temperature, contrasting the weak positive surface activity of water that decreases with temperature.The high-speed three-dimensional (3-D) shape measurement technique has become more and more popular recently, because of the strong demand for dynamic scene measurement. The single-shot nature of Fourier Transform Profilometry (FTP) makes it highly suitable for the 3-D shape measurement of dynamic scenes. However, due to the band-pass filter, FTP method has limitations for measuring objects with sharp edges, abrupt change or non-uniform reflectivity. In this paper, an improved Temporal Fourier Transform Profilometry (TFTP) algorithm combined with the 3-D phase unwrapping algorithm based on a reference plane is presented, and the measurement of one deformed fringe pattern producing a new 3-D shape of an isolated abrupt objects has been achieved. Improved TFTP method avoids band-pass filter in spatial domain and unwraps 3-D phase distribution along the temporal axis based on the reference plane. The high-frequency information of the measured object can be well preserved, and each pixel is processed separately. Experiments verify that our method can be well applied to a dynamic 3-D shape measurement with isolated, sharp edges or abrupt change. A high-speed and low-cost structured light pattern sequence projection has also been presented, it is capable of projection frequencies in the kHz level. Using the proposed 3-D shape measurement algorithm with the self-made mechanical projector, we demonstrated dynamic 3-D reconstruction with a rate of 297 Hz, which is mainly limited by the speed of the camera.Ten pairs of pyrrolidine analogues of pochonicine and its stereoisomers have been synthesized from four enantiomeric pairs of polyhydroxylated cyclic nitrones. Among the ten N-acetylamino pyrrolidine analogues, only compounds with 2,5-dideoxy-2,5-imino-d-mannitol (DMDP) and pochonicine (1) configurations showed potent inhibition of β-N-acetylhexosaminidases (β-HexNAcases); while 1-amino analogues lost almost all their inhibitions towards the tested enzymes. The assay results reveal the importance of the N-acetylamino group and the possible right configurations of pyrrolidine ring required for this type of inhibitors.A coefficient CW, which was defined as the ratio of NIR (near infrared) to the red reflected spectral response of the spectrometer, with a standard whiteboard as the measuring object, was introduced to establish a method for calculating height-independent vegetation indices (VIs). Two criteria for designing the spectrometer based on an active light source were proposed to keep CW constant. A designed spectrometer, which was equipped with an active light source, adopting 730 and 810 nm as the central wavelength of detection wavebands, was used to test the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Ratio Vegetation Index (RVI) in wheat fields with two nitrogen application rate levels (NARLs). Twenty test points were selected in each kind of field. Five measuring heights (65, 75, 85, 95, and 105 cm) were set for each test point. The mean and standard deviation of the coefficient of variation (CV) for NDVI in each test point were 3.85% and 1.39% respectively, the corresponding results for RVI were 2.93% and 1.09%. ANOVA showed the measured VIs possessed a significant ability to discriminate the NARLs and had no obvious correlation with the measurement heights. The experimental results verified the feasibility and validity of the method for measuring height-independent VIs.The design of multitarget drugs (MTDs) has become an innovative approach for the search of effective treatments in complex diseases such as cancer. In this work, we communicate our efforts in the design of multi-targeting histone deacetylase (HDAC) and protein kinase CK2 inhibitors as a novel therapeutic strategy against cancer. Using tetrabromobenzotriazole (TBB) and 2-dimethylamino-4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-benzimidazole (DMAT) as scaffolds for CK2 inhibition, and a hydroxamate to coordinate the zinc atom present in the active site of HDAC (zinc binding group, ZBG), new multitarget inhibitors have been designed and synthesized. According to the in vitro assays, N-Hydroxy-6-(4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-2-(dimethylamino)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl)hexanamide (11b) is the most interesting compound, with IC50 values of 0.66; 1.46 and 3.67 µM. for HDAC6; HDAC1 and CK2; respectively. Cellular assays on different cancer cell lines rendered promising results for N-Hydroxy-8-(4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-2-(dimethylamino)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl)octanamide (11d). This inhibitor presented the highest cytotoxic activity, proapoptotic capability, and the best mitochondria-targeting and multidrug-circumventing properties, thus being the most promising drug candidate for further in vivo studies.We explore a one-stage method for surface anomaly detection in industrial scenarios. On one side, encoder-decoder segmentation network is constructed to capture small targets as much as possible, and then dual background suppression mechanisms are designed to reduce noise patterns in coarse and fine manners. On the other hand, a classification module without learning parameters is built to reduce information loss in small targets due to the inexistence of successive down-sampling processes. Experimental results demonstrate that our one-stage detector achieves state-of-the-art performance in terms of precision, recall and f-score.Undernutrition in early life may have a long consequence of type 2 diabetes in adulthood. The current study was aimed to explore the association between famine exposure in fetal life during China's Great Famine (1959-1961) and dysglycemia in adulthood. The cross-sectional data from 7830 adults from the 2010-2012 China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance was utilized. Participants who were born between 1960 and 1961 were selected as the exposed group, while the participants who were born in 1963 were selected as the unexposed group. Logistic regression was utilized to examine the relationship between fetal famine exposure and dysglycemia in adulthood. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the exposed and control group was 6.4% and 5.1%, respectively, and the risk of type 2 diabetes in the exposed group was 1.23 times higher than that of the control group (95%CI, 1.01-1.50; P = 0.042) in adulthood, and 1.40 times in the severely affected area (95%CI, 1.11-1.76; P = 0.004). The fasting plasma glucose of the exposed group was higher than that of the control group, which was only found in the severely affected area (P = 0.014) and females (P = 0.037). The association between famine and impaired fasting glucose was observed only in females (OR 1.31, 95%CI, 1.01-1.70; P = 0.040). Our results suggested that fetal exposure to Chinese famine increased the risk of dysglycemia in adulthood. This association was stronger in the severely affected area and females.Developed countries have established pharmacovigilance systems to monitor the safety of medicines. However, in the developing world, drug monitoring and reporting are facing enormous challenges. The current study was designed to explore the challenges related to the understanding and practices of physicians in reporting adverse drug reactions in Lahore, Pakistan. Through the purposive sampling technique, 13 physicians were interviewed. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed for a thematic content analysis. The thematic content analysis yielded six major themes (1) Familiarity with medication safety and adverse drug reaction (ADR) concept, (2) Knowledge about pharmacovigilance activities, (3) Practices related to ADR reporting, (4) Barriers impeding ADR reporting, (5) Acknowledgement of the pharmacist's role, and (6) System change needs. The majority of the physicians were unaware of the ADR reporting system; however, they were ready to accept practice changes if provided with the required skills and training. A lack of knowledge, time, and interest, a fear of legal liability, poor training, inadequate physicians' and other healthcare professionals' communication, and most importantly lack of a proper reporting system were reported as barriers. The findings based on emerging themes can be used to establish an effective pharmacovigilance system in Pakistan. Overall, physicians reported a positive attitude towards practice changes, provided the concerned authorities support and take interest in this poorly acknowledged but most needed component of the healthcare system.Vildagliptin is a representative of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, antihyperglycemic drugs, approved for use as monotherapy and combination therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. By inhibiting enzymatic decomposition, DPP-4 inhibitors increase the half-life of incretins such as GLP-1 (Glucagon-like peptide-1) and GIP (Gastric inhibitors polypeptide) and prolong their action. Some studies present results suggesting the anti-sclerotic and vasculoprotective effects of vildagliptin reaching beyond glycemic control. Vildagliptin is able to limit inflammation by suppression of the NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) signaling pathway and proinflammatory agents such as TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor α), IL-1β (Interleukin-1β), and IL-8 (Interleukin 8). Moreover, vildagliptin regulates lipid metabolism; attenuates postprandial hypertriglyceridemia; and lowers serum triglycerides, apolipoprotein B, and blood total cholesterol levels. This DPP-4 inhibitor also reduces macrophage foam cell formation, which plays a key role in atheromatous plaque formation and stability.